Immunization and Hypersecsitivtes and extras from innate and adaptive

attenuated vaccine

Active immunization

a vaccine that contains a weaker version of the pathogen

Can cause mild infections

Ultimately active weak microbes stimulate a strong immune response And can give contact immunity

Inactivated vaccine

active immunization

HAS KILLED/DEAD PATHOGEN IN IT

Safer than live vaccines

Has the whole cell their DEAD but whole

Toxoid vaccine

Active immunization

chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate antibody mediated immunity

Needs MULTIPLE DOSES due to lack of antigenic determinants

recombinant vaccine

A vaccine made using DNA recombinant technology

Has the DNA of the antigen in it

Sub unit vaccine

Has just the antigen or proteins of the pathogen in the vaccine rather than the whole pathogen

active immunotherapy

Passive immunotherapy

Administering antiserum that contains preferred antibodies

Provides immediate protection against a recent infection or disease

Antibodies created through hybridomas

Active immunization

Admistration of antigens so that patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response

Passive Immunization

Indivual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

Louis Pasteur made what 2 vaccines?

Antrax and rabies vaccines

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Immediate hypersensitivity

Immediate reaction to localized or systemic reaction from the release of inflammatory molecules in response to a certain antigen

KNOWN AS ALLERGIES

Stimulated by ALLERGENS (uses IgE)

Can result in Acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock (needs EpiPens for cure)

Type 1 Hypersensitivity process

Sensitization upon initial exposer to allergen

Degranulation: of sensitized (mast cells and basophils) cells that send pro-inflammatory signals

Done by mast cells or basophils that proliferate these responses

Lasts seconds to minutes at most

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

When host cells are destroyed by an immune response (using both comp. System and antibodies)

Usually a component of an autoimmune disease

Generally takes minutes, sometimes hours

LEAVES DESTRUCTION OF HOST CELLS IN ITS WAKE

Type 2 Hypersensitivity and blood

Transfusion reaction: ABO and blood, the donor may have B blood that has antigens for recipient’s A blood containing B antigens, B blood is lysied in the process

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated

Caused by the formation of immune complexes (antigens and antibodies)

Triggers release of inflammatory chemicals

Can last for hours

Causes both localized and systemic reactions

Can have other types involved as well

Type 3 Hypersensitivity examples (local)

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Glomerulonephritis (from a previous strep infection) damages gloerular cells and leads to kidney failure

Type 3 Hypersensitivity examples (systemic)

Systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) a reaction to host DNA or RNA

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) breakdown of joints

Sepsis (system wide response to an infection)

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Delayed (cell-mediated) Hypersensitivity

Inflammation 12-24 hours after contact with certain antigen, reaction lasts for several days, weeks even

Usually caused by antigen presenting cells and T cells that leads to an immune response of some kind TOWARD HOST CELLS

Delay reflectis time it takes for macrophage to get antigen to Th cell

Type 4 Hypersensitivity examples

Graft rejection/graft+host disease (depends on how similar self antigens (MHC 1) between donor and recipient are to one another) leads to an immune response and attack on grafted part

Tuberculin: skin that is exposed to this will slowly cause a inflamed rash where skin infected or immunized

What is autoimmune disease?

when your cells attack YOUR OWN TISSUE

Many causes

2 main types systemic (whole body) and single organ

autoimmune disease causes

T cells find hidden self antigens

Molecular mimicry of microorganisms that causes autoimmunity

Genetic factors

Envroemntal factors (viral infections)

Grave’s disease

SINGLE ORGAN

an auto-immune response to the thyroid gland

Triggers excessive production of thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid gland

Use either medication or surgery to cure

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Can result from damage to the islets of Langerhans

Attacks pancreas cells

Treatment using immunosuppressive drugs

Multple sclerosis

Systemic

Tc cells destroy the myelin sheaths that insulate the brai, spinal cord and neurons

Impairs speech, vision, neuromuscular function

Immunodeficiency dieseases

conditions that result from defective immune mechanisms

2 types: Primary and Aquired

Primary Immunodeficiency diseases

results form some genetic or developmental defect (you get this when you are born or very young)

Gained from mutations

Acquired Immunodeficiency dieseases

developed as a direct consequence of some other recognized cause (ex: age, stress, poor nutrition, AIDS)

Developed later in life

Allergens

substances that cause an exaggerated immune response

Are: food, pollen, some bug bites, and animal dander.

anaphylaxies

The shock that someone can have when they are exposed to an antigen, generally happens in seconds and is life threatening

Involves: nausea, fainting, shock, rashes and vommitting

sensitization

When your basophils and mast cells arm them selves with allergen specific anti-bodies

degranulation

once stimulated, mast cells and basophils release pro-inflammatory responses

Leukotrienes

Inflammatory mediators that play a key role in asthma and other allergic diseases

serum sickness

a type of hypersensitivity that happens after exposer to certain antiserum that has antibodies that the cell does not like

immune complexes

formed when antibodies bind to antigens and their accumulation and deposition in tissues leads to an inflammatory response

Mucus in the mucous membrane is produced by

Goblet cells,

What do ciliated cells do?

They help move pathogens toward the throat and outside the body

(Ciliated escalator)

What macrophages are found in the liver?

Knupffer cells

What macrophages are found in the brain and central nervous system?

Microglial cells

What macrophages are found in the lungs?

alveolar macrophages

What macrophages are found in the Abdomen?

peritoneal macrophages

When macrophages ingest microorganisms, they release cytokines that stimulate the liver to produce?

The Liver produces Lectin

Some bacteria evade the complement system by means of their…

Cilia

What cell produces Prostaglandin in response to an injury?

Both mast cells and basophils release a variety of prostaglandin

How do antibodies recognize and interface with specific regions of antigens called

Epitopes

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

Are the parts of T cell’s glycoproteins that are on the surface

Used to identify each type of T cell

When would ADCC be used?

against a very large cell that a macrophage cannot opsonize

Ex: Helminth

Acidophiles

Microbes that live in very acidic conditions

Alkilineophiles

microbes that like basic environments

halophiles

microbes that like salty environments

thermophiles

Microbes that love 45 C to 80C heat environments (hot temp like Yellowstone lake)

mesophiles

Microbes that love 20C to 45C heat environments (average temp)

Psychrophiles

Microbes that love 20C to -20C environments (super cold)

hyperthermophiles

Microbes that love above 80C heat environments (super hot, like lava)