HMB topic 1

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body or organisms

physiology

the study of the function of the body

development anatomy

study of the structural changes of an organism from conception to adulthood

microscopic anatomy, 2 components

study of anatomy with a microscope

cytology- study of structure of cells

histology- study of structure of tissues

Gross anatomy: macroscopic- 2 components

study of anatomy without a microscope

Systematic- study of anatomy by entire organ system

• involves multiple region of the body

regional- study of anatomy by area or region

• involves multiple systems in a region

physiology components

molecular- within cells

cellular- inside cells

systematic- neurophysiology, cardiovascular

Describe the 6 levels of organisation in the body

chemicals

• atoms form molecules

• eg DNA

cells

• molecules form organelles which constitute to formation of cells

• eg mitochondria

Tissue

• similar cells combine to form tissue

• eg smooth muscle tissue

organs

• tissues forms organs

• eg heart

organ system

• multiple organs contribute to organ system

• eg cardiovascular system

organism

• organ systems construct a living organism

• eg humans

list 6 characteristics of an organism

1. metabolism

   • ability to use energy to perform vital functions

2. reproduction

   • formation of new cells and passing of genetic material

3. responsiveness

   • ability to sense and adjust to change in external environment

4. organisation

   • relationship among parts of an organism

5. development

   • whether the cells change over time

homeostasis

ability of the body to maintain optimal internal conditions despite changes to external environment

set point- ideal normal value

slightly above or below set point is normal range

minor- doesn’t require hospital intervention

Major- need hospital or GP intervention

characteristics of the anatomical position

The body stands upright- ERECT, facing forward

Arms at the sides and palms facing forward-SUPINATED

Feet parallel and flat on the floor

eyes looking straight ahead

feet shoulder width apart

superior

towards head

eg brain is superior to the heart

inferior

towards feet

heart is inferior to the brain

superficial

towards skin

skin is superficial to the bone

deep

away from skin

eg muscle is deep to the dermis

anterior

in front of

eg heart is anterior to the kidneys

posterior

behind or at the back

eg kidneys are posterior to the navel

proximal

close to main body joints

eg elbow is proximal to the wrist

distal

further from main body joints

eg toes are distal to the knees

lateral

away from midline

eg ears are lateral to the nose

midline

towards centre of the body

divides body to L and R sides

eg heart is medial to the shoulder

sagittal planes

splits into L and R sides

frontal or coronal planes

splits into anterior and posterior

transverse planes

splits into superior and inferior

Describe the major body cavities and their division- 3 main

Thoracic

• mediastinum separates into L and R

• above diaphragm

• mediastinum contains thymus, major vessels, heart, trachea, oesophagus

• middle called mediastinum

abdominal

• below diaphragm

• above pelvic cavity

• contains digestive organs

• stomach, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, liver, spleen

pelvic

• most inferior

• contains urinary and reproductive system

NO CLEAR BOUNDARY BETWEEN ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC- ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: appendix

• right lower quad

• right iliac region

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: spleen

• left upper quad

• left hypochondriac region

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region; liver

• right and left upper quads

• right hypochondriac

• epigastric

• left hypochondriac regions

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: urinary bladder

• left lower and right lower quads

• hypogastric region

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: large intestine

• all quadrants

• left iliac

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: pancreas

• left upper and right upper quads

• epigastric

Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrants and region: stomach

• left and right upper quads

• epigastric

• left hypochondriac regions

Describe properties of serous membranes

• PROTECT, ABSORB SHOCK, REDUCES FRICTION from movement

• double layered membrane with fluid between that line trunk cavities and cover organs inside cavities

• made up of

  > Inner layer lining the organ- VISCERAL

  > a membrane lining cavity- PARIETAL MEMBRANE

  > SEROUS FLUID in between

Describe the location and function of serous membranes

serous membrane function

• reduces friction between organs

• protect organs inside the cavities

3 location

• serous membranes

Heart- pericardium

• pericardial- around the heart

  > visceral pericardium

  >parietal pericardium

  > separated by PERICARDIAL fluid

Lung- pleural

• pleural- around lungs

  > visceral pleura

  > parietal pleura

  > separated by PLEURAL fluid

Peritoneum- stomach

• peritoneal- around abdominal cavity

  > visceral peritoneum

  > parietal peritoneum

  > separated by PERITONEAL fluid