Advanced Viticulture 331

Ampleography

verification of species based on physical features, observable characteristics of the grapevine

Grafting

attaching the root stock to the scion, creates a bulge near the soil

Mothballing

Keeping the vineyard at a low maintenance level until market recovers and you profit again

Why are cordon and trunks different?

cordons grow new canes every year, while the trunk has gone through bark formation

Root systems function

stabilize, pest management, phytohormone management(synthesize and send them out to the vine to be used), stops leaf from losing more water (drought stress), nutrients, carbohydrate storagem, abscisic acid(promotes leaf detachment, dormancy)

Trunk Function

storage, transport, protection from chemical/phsysical pressures, connects top of the vine with roots

Function of cordons

storage, transportation of nutrients into the canopy

Cane/Shoots function

support leaves, reproduction system is on thesem contain the buds, provide energy(photosynthesis)

Leaf Function

photosynthesis, pull nutrients and redirect them back to the shoot which then reallocates to active growing parts, redirect nutrients for vines to store nutrients over winter, greater surface area for photosynthesis, transpiration(water vapor), tempurature regulation

Three different types of bud

compound dormant bud, lateral/secondary shoots, latent buds(create more shoots if huge frost comes in)

Sessile organisms

plants, an organism that is anchored to a substrate and cannot move freely

Abiotic Stress

high temp, low temp, salinity, toxic elements, drought, pH

Biotic Stress

bacteria, insects, viruses, fungi, herbivores, nematodes

Developmental plasticity

ability to bend organs in order to reach the position most optimal for growth and utilization of light, nutreints and other resources

Plant cells have more membranes and walls true or false

True

Lianas

woody vines, like a grapevine

Perennial

have an annual lifecycle but live for a long period of time - live for more than two years

Polycarpic

will continue to produce fruit many times, over a long period of time - i.e grapevines

Deciduous

shed their leaves when dormant, then regrow them next spring

morphology

form, shape, appearance, external appearance of the vine including clusters, cane, shoot, leaf, root, trunk

Anatomy

the study of internal structure of grapevine organs, usually at the the microscopic or tissue level

Cane is more developed than the shoot T/F

True

Vegetative organs

structural part of the plant - shoot, trunk, tendril, cane, root system

Reproductive organs

flower, cluster, seed

Bud contains both vegetative and reproductive parts

True

What are the permanent parts of a vine

roots, trunk, and cordons

What are the non permanent parts of a vine

shoots/cane, leaves, tendrils, flowers and clusters

How old do canes have to be to grow fruit

one year, produces the best quality

Root tip/apex

critical part of the root responsible of growth and soil penetration

Elongation Zone

cell expansion and differentiation of tissues, as cells elongate it pushes the root forward so they can grow

Meristematic zone

active cell division, have stem cells, helps the root to function(absorption through root hairs

Root cap

protection, facilitate root expansion, gravitropism(growth due to gravity)

VAM

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrizae - type of endomcycorrizal fungie that form a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship with the roots, providing increases access to water and nutrients(especially phosphorus, zinc and sulfur) in exchange for sugars from the plant

Epidermis

sking around the outermost layer of cell

cortex

body of the root

vascular tissues

phloem(sugar)- to move it back down from the leaves and xylem(water) to transport from roots to the parts of the plant

Root hairs

high turnover rate, as root elongates the maturation zone moves along wiht it, hairs die and then regrows to the new part of the root - only confied to maturation zone

Spur

cane that is cut back, piece of cane from last year

Trunk

permanent stem of the vine, forms a connecting pipeline between roots and arms, the vegetative vigor, fruiting, and life span of the entire vine depends on the health of the trunk

Arms

wood older than 2-3 years that bears the spurs and canes retained at pruning, their sturcture is the same as a shoot, become thicker every year

Axil

Where the petiole of leaf is connected to the shoot, which is on the node

Apical Meristem

Cell division is happening, the main shoot growth length occur here located at the shoot tip

Responsible for organ formation, tissue formation

Three types of buds

Compound Dormant buds - produce primary shoots

Lateral prompt buds - produce lateral shoots

Latent buds - produce water sprouts and suckers

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Every leaf blade consists of

epidermis, a single palisade layer, three layers of spongy mesophyll, few large and several small veins comprising xylem and phloem vessels

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move - let CO2 out

Grape flower is a

perfect flower

Pistil

Female: stigma style ovary

Stamens

Male: anther and filament with pollen sacs

Stage 1 of berry growth

cell division and elongation

Stage 3 of berry growth

via elongation only

Verasion

onset of ripening, occurs between stages 2 and 3

Lignified

convert into woody structure

Lag Phase

berries are not growing in size, seeds are solidifying

xylem function slows down, and stops at stage 3, then its driven by phloem tissue

End of Lag Phase

Berries start to soften and change color, white grapes become translucent

Once ripening has started

berries grow rapidly again, driven entirely by cell expansion rather than divsion

How long have vitis vinifera been cultivated for?

8000 years

What is the origin of vitis vinifera

Vitis sylvestris

Vitis Labrusca

for juice mostly

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Genus

first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belong i.e vitis

Species

the second part identifies the species of the genus i.e vinifera

Kingdom --> division --> subdivison --> class --> order --> family --> division

order of identifiying plants

Kingdom

Plants are

1. multicellular - form a tissue, purpose, form organs

2. Eukaryotic - organism composed of cells that have a membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelle(mitochondria, chloroplast)

3. Photosynthetic - carbon dioxe and water in presence of sunlight converts to sugar

Division

Tracheophytes = vascular plants

Xylem and phloem ar conducting water and nutrients, grapevines have large xylems

Subdivision

Spermatophytes = plants that produce seeds

Class

Angiosperms: grow their seeds inside an ovary that is embedded in a flower, flowering plants

Order

Rhamnales

Family

vitaceae - characterized by the occorance of tendrils and inflorescence opposite to leaves

How many seeds to grapevines have

2-4 seeds, dicots, if all four get fertilized then you have four seeds

Seed:

A plant organ comprising the embryonic plant and the food storage tissues(endosperm), formed by the maturation of the ovule following fertalization

What are the only two genus referred to as grapevines?

Vitis and Muscadinia

Vitis tendrils

come in pairs, two nodes will have tendrils, and one above and below will not have tendrils, tendrils and clusters are opposite of the leaf on stems

Muscadania

speckles on skin and stems which are the lenticels present on muscadine grape berries, non shredded bark, continous pith

tendrils do not split, on every node

seeds are flatter, ribbed

slip skin

resistant to fungi and phylloxera

Lenticel function

gas exchange, O2, CO2, and water vapor

Vitis

absent of lenticels on the berries, shredded bark, discontinous pith(diaphram)

tendrils split in two, come in pars, one above and one below will not be on the nodes

Seeds: no ribs, ovent

Skin: adheres to pulp

How many species is vitis comprised of

60-70

Eurasian group (around 40)

American Group(around 20)

Riparia(river grape)

not drought resistant, frost resistant because it goes dormant eraly, highly vigorous has acces to a lot of water(river)

Rupestris

red petioles, small leaves compared to riparia, drought tolerant depending on soil characteristics

Berlandieri

highly drought and salt tolerant, perfect flowers, nice clusters, doesnt root well - not used as root stocks

Labrusca

species that brought back to europe that carried phylloxera (used for juice)

Somatic Mutation

natural changes in DNA of a grapevines cells that lead to new varieties, mutations can affect the appearance, flavor, and other traits of the plant

Hermaphroditic flowers

each flower contains both male and female reproductive organs

What is a Cultivar?

international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants - plants that sufficiently distinct, uniform, and stable in its characteristics that when propogated by appropriate means retains those characteristics.

If grapevines have been cloned all over the world why are they different?

Location, environmental factors, spontaneous DNA which causes mutations to cause different characteristics - Somatic mutation: natural changes in DNA of a grapevine cells that lead to new varieties which can affect appearance, flavor, other traits

Allelopathy

reduced growth of neighbouring plants, release of water soluble phenolic compounds

When leaves are shed and plant goes dormant, leaves have chemicals that can surpress growth of other plants.

Stage 1 of berry growth

Berry growth via cell division and elongation

• starts immediately after bloom

• - berries are firm and green (chlorophyll)

• - low sugar content

• - organic acids accumulate

  • - number of cells growing and maximises but volume does not maximize

• Flow rate for xylem(water) and phloem(sugar, acids) is high

Stage 2 of berry growth

Lag phase of berry growth

• slow growth

• organic acid concentration reaches maximum

• - berries remain firm but start losing chlorophyll

• - seeds start to harden - can feel the seed inside

  • - number of cells stay constant but volume is increasing by phloem (veraison)

Stage 3 of berry growth

berry growth via elongation only

• berry growth restarts after lag phase and ripening

• - berries start to soften and lose chlorophyll

• - red varieties start accumulating red pigments - ANTHOCYANINS

• - sugars accumulate and concentration of organic acids decline

• - aroma and flavor components accumulate

• - number of cells already maxed, but volume grows until it maxes out

• - sugar accumulation: 5mg/day for small berries to over 50mg/day for larger berries

  • - xylem stops,but phloem brings a lot of sugar at this point into the berry so acid concentration goes down because it is diluted by the sugar

Mature berry composition

70-80% water

20-25% sugar(brix)

TA and pH is inverse relationship

Carbohydrate types in mature berry growth

Glucose 8-13% by volume

Fructose 7-12 % by volume

Organic Acid types in mature berry

Tartaric 0.2-1% by volume

Malic 0.1-.08% by volume

What acids makes up 90% of total fruit acidity?

Tartaric acid and malic acid

Tartaric Acid

stable at high tempurature and resistant to microbial degradation

Malic Acid

hot periods accelerate its degradation (wine with flat taste)

Tool to measure sugars or TSS

Refracto Meter to measure brix(refracting the light) - measure the angle and then convert that into percentage of sugarW

why is sugar measurement so important?

To know how much alcohol there will be, since sugars are converted into alcohol by yeast during fermentation, you can roughly calculate the ABV if you know the sugar concentration

Alcohol % = 0.57 x Brix (the 0.57 can vary)

Factors that influence grape cahracterisitcs of harvest

Variety, temp, light intensity, exposure to light, crop level, nutrient availability

Vine Capacity

total biomass of crop and vegetative growth

Vine Vigor

refers to the rate of growth of a grapevine, essentially how quickly and actively the vine is producing new shoots and leaves

vigor doesn’t mean size9