Advanced Viticulture 331

Ampleography

verification of species based on physical features, observable characteristics of the grapevine

Grafting

attaching the root stock to the scion, creates a bulge near the soil

Mothballing

Keeping the vineyard at a low maintenance level until market recovers and you profit again

Why are cordon and trunks different?

cordons grow new canes every year, while the trunk has gone through bark formation

Root systems function

stabilize, pest management, phytohormone management(synthesize and send them out to the vine to be used), stops leaf from losing more water (drought stress), nutrients, carbohydrate storagem, abscisic acid(promotes leaf detachment, dormancy)

Trunk Function

storage, transport, protection from chemical/phsysical pressures, connects top of the vine with roots

Function of cordons

storage, transportation of nutrients into the canopy

Cane/Shoots function

support leaves, reproduction system is on thesem contain the buds, provide energy(photosynthesis)

Leaf Function

photosynthesis, pull nutrients and redirect them back to the shoot which then reallocates to active growing parts, redirect nutrients for vines to store nutrients over winter, greater surface area for photosynthesis, transpiration(water vapor), tempurature regulation

Three different types of bud

compound dormant bud, lateral/secondary shoots, latent buds(create more shoots if huge frost comes in)

Sessile organisms

plants, an organism that is anchored to a substrate and cannot move freely

Abiotic Stress

high temp, low temp, salinity, toxic elements, drought, pH

Biotic Stress

bacteria, insects, viruses, fungi, herbivores, nematodes

Developmental plasticity

ability to bend organs in order to reach the position most optimal for growth and utilization of light, nutreints and other resources

Plant cells have more membranes and walls true or false

True

Lianas

woody vines, like a grapevine

Perennial

have an annual lifecycle but live for a long period of time - live for more than two years

Polycarpic

will continue to produce fruit many times, over a long period of time - i.e grapevines

Deciduous

shed their leaves when dormant, then regrow them next spring

morphology

form, shape, appearance, external appearance of the vine including clusters, cane, shoot, leaf, root, trunk

Anatomy

the study of internal structure of grapevine organs, usually at the the microscopic or tissue level

Cane is more developed than the shoot T/F

True

Vegetative organs

structural part of the plant - shoot, trunk, tendril, cane, root system

Reproductive organs

flower, cluster, seed

Bud contains both vegetative and reproductive parts

True

What are the permanent parts of a vine

roots, trunk, and cordons

What are the non permanent parts of a vine

shoots/cane, leaves, tendrils, flowers and clusters

How old do canes have to be to grow fruit

one year, produces the best quality

Root tip/apex

critical part of the root responsible of growth and soil penetration

Elongation Zone

cell expansion and differentiation of tissues, as cells elongate it pushes the root forward so they can grow

Meristematic zone

active cell division, have stem cells, helps the root to function(absorption through root hairs

Root cap

protection, facilitate root expansion, gravitropism(growth due to gravity)

VAM

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrizae - type of endomcycorrizal fungie that form a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship with the roots, providing increases access to water and nutrients(especially phosphorus, zinc and sulfur) in exchange for sugars from the plant

Epidermis

sking around the outermost layer of cell

cortex

body of the root

vascular tissues

phloem(sugar)- to move it back down from the leaves and xylem(water) to transport from roots to the parts of the plant

Root hairs

high turnover rate, as root elongates the maturation zone moves along wiht it, hairs die and then regrows to the new part of the root - only confied to maturation zone

Spur

cane that is cut back, piece of cane from last year

Trunk

permanent stem of the vine, forms a connecting pipeline between roots and arms, the vegetative vigor, fruiting, and life span of the entire vine depends on the health of the trunk

Arms

wood older than 2-3 years that bears the spurs and canes retained at pruning, their sturcture is the same as a shoot, become thicker every year

Axil

Where the petiole of leaf is connected to the shoot, which is on the node

Apical Meristem

Cell division is happening, the main shoot growth length occur here located at the shoot tip

Responsible for organ formation, tissue formation

Three types of buds

Compound Dormant buds - produce primary shoots

Lateral prompt buds - produce lateral shoots

Latent buds - produce water sprouts and suckers

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Every leaf blade consists of

epidermis, a single palisade layer, three layers of spongy mesophyll, few large and several small veins comprising xylem and phloem vessels

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move - let CO2 out

Grape flower is a

perfect flower

Pistil

Female: stigma style ovary

Stamens

Male: anther and filament with pollen sacs

Stage 1 of berry growth

cell division and elongation

Stage 3 of berry growth

via elongation only

Verasion

onset of ripening, occurs between stages 2 and 3

Lignified

convert into woody structure

Lag Phase

berries are not growing in size, seeds are solidifying

xylem function slows down, and stops at stage 3, then its driven by phloem tissue

End of Lag Phase

Berries start to soften and change color, white grapes become translucent

Once ripening has started

berries grow rapidly again, driven entirely by cell expansion rather than divsion

How long have vitis vinifera been cultivated for?

8000 years

What is the origin of vitis vinifera

Vitis sylvestris

Vitis Labrusca

for juice mostly

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Genus

first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belong i.e vitis

Species

the second part identifies the species of the genus i.e vinifera

Kingdom --> division --> subdivison --> class --> order --> family --> division

order of identifiying plants

Kingdom

Plants are

1. multicellular - form a tissue, purpose, form organs

2. Eukaryotic - organism composed of cells that have a membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelle(mitochondria, chloroplast)

3. Photosynthetic - carbon dioxe and water in presence of sunlight converts to sugar

Division

Tracheophytes = vascular plants

Xylem and phloem ar conducting water and nutrients, grapevines have large xylems

Subdivision

Spermatophytes = plants that produce seeds

Class

Angiosperms: grow their seeds inside an ovary that is embedded in a flower, flowering plants

Order

Rhamnales

Family

vitaceae - characterized by the occorance of tendrils and inflorescence opposite to leaves

How many seeds to grapevines have

2-4 seeds, dicots, if all four get fertilized then you have four seeds

Seed:

A plant organ comprising the embryonic plant and the food storage tissues(endosperm), formed by the maturation of the ovule following fertalization

What are the only two genus referred to as grapevines?

Vitis and Muscadinia

Vitis tendrils

come in pairs, two nodes will have tendrils, and one above and below will not have tendrils, tendrils and clusters are opposite of the leaf on stems

Muscadania

speckles on skin and stems which are the lenticels present on muscadine grape berries, non shredded bark, continous pith

tendrils do not split, on every node

seeds are flatter, ribbed

slip skin

resistant to fungi and phylloxera

Lenticel function

gas exchange, O2, CO2, and water vapor

Vitis

absent of lenticels on the berries, shredded bark, discontinous pith(diaphram)

tendrils split in two, come in pars, one above and one below will not be on the nodes

Seeds: no ribs, ovent

Skin: adheres to pulp

How many species is vitis comprised of

60-70

Eurasian group (around 40)

American Group(around 20)

Riparia(river grape)

not drought resistant, frost resistant because it goes dormant eraly, highly vigorous has acces to a lot of water(river)

Rupestris

red petioles, small leaves compared to riparia, drought tolerant depending on soil characteristics

Berlandieri

highly drought and salt tolerant, perfect flowers, nice clusters, doesnt root well - not used as root stocks

Labrusca

species that brought back to europe that carried phylloxera (used for juice)

Somatic Mutation

natural changes in DNA of a grapevines cells that lead to new varieties, mutations can affect the appearance, flavor, and other traits of the plant

Hermaphroditic flowers

each flower contains both male and female reproductive organs

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