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Celestial Objects
Objects in the sky such as stars, planets, and moons used for predictions and timekeeping by early civilizations.
Geocentric Model
An astronomical model which places Earth at the center of the universe, as proposed by Aristotle.
Heliocentric Model
An astronomical model that places the sun at the center of the universe, proposed by Aristarchus and later supported by Copernicus.
Ptolemy's Model
An improved version of the geocentric model that introduced epicycles to explain the movements of celestial bodies.
Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler's principles describing the orbital motion of planets around the sun.
Principia
Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that established the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Space-Time
A four-dimensional continuum in which all events occur; affected by the presence of matter according to Einstein's theories.
Dark Energy
A mysterious force that is causing the accelerated expansion of the universe.
Nebula
A giant cloud of dust and gas in space, forming the basis for star formation.
Supernova
A powerful explosion resulting from the death of a star, leading to the creation of neutron stars or black holes.
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
A graphical representation that illustrates the relationship between the temperature and luminosity of stars.
Refracting Telescope
An optical telescope that uses a lens to gather and focus light.
Reflecting Telescope
An optical telescope that uses mirrors to gather and focus light.
Atomic Mass
The total mass of an atom, calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons.
Subatomic Particles
The particles that make up an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Mass and Charge of Protons
Protons have a relative mass of 1 and a positive charge, which attracts negatively charged electrons.
Electrons
Subatomic particles with a negative charge and a mass approximately 1/2000 that of a proton.
Black Hole
A region in space with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.
Gravity
A force that attracts two bodies towards each other; the force that pulls stars together during their formation.
