HBNS - Chapter 15 (Bone Health & Body Defense System):

Which are functions of osteoblasts in bone?

Synthesize & secrete collagen/other proteins for bone matrix formation.
Produce bone-resorbing enzymes to break down bone tissue.
Differentiate into osteocytes and help maintain bone matrix.
Regulate blood calcium levels by promoting bone mineralization.

Synthesize & secrete collagen/other proteins for bone matrix formation.

Which are functions of osteocytes in bone?

Maintaining the bone matrix by regulating mineral content.
Communicating with other bone cells to regulate bone remodeling.
Responding to signals that regulate calcium and phosphate balance.
All of the above.

All of the above.

Which are functions of osteoclasts in bone?

Resorbing bone tissue by breaking down mineralized bone matrix
Synthesizing collagen to build the bone matrix
Producing hormones that regulate calcium levels in blood
Maintaining bone strength by producing new bone tissue
All of the above

All of the above

During times of growth, which type of bone cell has an increased level of activity?

Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes

Osteoblasts

During which ages in life does most bone growth occur?

From birth to age 2
Childhood (ages 3-10)
Adolescence (ages 10-20)
Adulthood (ages 20-40)

Adolescence (ages 10-20)

Which foods provide most bioavailable sources of calcium?

Leafy green vegetables (e.g., spinach, kale)
Dairy products (e.g., milk, cheese, yogurt)
Fortified plant-based milks (e.g., almond, soy)
Fish with edible bones (e.g., sardines, salmon)
All of the above

All of the above

Other than building bones & teeth, what are functions of calcium in body?

blood clotting regulation
enzyme regulation
prevent muscle contraction
all of the above

all of the above

Which are rich dietary sources of vitamin D? Select what applies:

Dairy (fortified milk)
Proteins (meat)
Lipids (oils, oily fish)
Carbohydrates (bread)
Fruits & Veggies

Dairy (fortified milk)
Lipids (oils, oily fish)

What is the main function of vitamin D?

immune function
provides calcium
cell regulation
all of the above

all of the above

Which are deficiencies of vitamin D? Select what applies:

Rickets (weak bones in children)
Scurvy (poor wound healing)
Osteomalacia (weak bones)
Anemia (lack of red blood cells)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Rickets (weak bones in children)
Osteomalacia (weak bones)

Why are those who live in northern latitudes at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

Limited sunlight exposure, especially during winter months.
Body cannot produce vitamin D without enough dietary intake.
Higher rates of skin pigmentation reduce vitamin D synthesis.
All of the above.

All of the above.

Why was an Upper Level of intake established for vitamin D?

Avoid excessive calcium absorption, which can lead to hypercalcemia.

Ensure adequate bone health without exceeding body's ability to store vitamin D & prevent deficiency.

Avoid potential risk of kidney damage & other adverse effects of high doses.

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which foods are high in phosphorus?

Grains (oatmeal)
Dairy (milk)
Fruits & Veggies
Protein (milk, fish)
Sugars/Lipids (soda, bakery items)

Grains (oatmeal)
Dairy (milk)
Protein (milk, fish)
Sugars/Lipids (soda, bakery items)

Besides roles of bones/teeth structure, what are other roles of phosphorus?
Select what applies:

absorption
aids kidney failure
aids glucose production
aids acid balance
enzyme, heart, nerve function

absorption
aids kidney failure
aids acid balance

Which are deficiencies of phosphorus?

increased energy levels
poor bone maintenance & mineralization
poor digestion and absorption
decreased muscle weakness and fatigue

poor bone maintenance & mineralization

Which are functions of magnesium? Select what applies:

helps absorption
aids kidney failure
bone structure/formation
aids acid balance
enzyme, heart, nerve function

bone structure/formation
enzyme, heart, nerve function

Which foods are good sources of magnesium?

Grains (whole bran, nuts, legumes)
Veggies ( greens)
Fruits (citrus)
Protein (tofu)
Sweets/Lipids (chocolates)

Grains (whole bran, nuts, legumes)
Veggies ( greens)
Protein (tofu)
Lipids/Sweets (chocolates)

Which are symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

weakness/muscle pain
seizures
poor heart function
all of the above

all of the above

How does fluoride help prevent dental caries?

strengthens tooth enamel by promoting remineralization.
kills harmful bacteria in mouth.
prevents absorption of sugars by teeth.
reduces the production of saliva in the mouth.

strengthens tooth enamel by promoting remineralization.

Which are rich sources of fluoride?

Fluoridated water.
Toothpaste.
Dental treatments.
Tea & Seaweed.
All of the above.

All of the above.

Why should fluoridated toothpastes, mouth rinse & supplements be kept out of the reach of children?

Cause stomach upset & vomiting.
Damage children's teeth permanently.
Decrease calcium absorption in body.
Overuse can cause fluoride toxicity or poisoning.

Overuse can cause fluoride toxicity or poisoning.

Which are basic types of immunity? Select what applies:

Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Adaptive immunity

Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Active immunity
Passive immunity

Why is it important that free radical production be kept in check?

They promote healthy aging by stimulating collagen production.
Free radicals can cause oxidative stress, leading to cell damage.
They support the immune system by attacking harmful microbes.
They are essential for the proper functioning of enzymes in body.

Free radicals can cause oxidative stress, leading to cell damage

Which vitamins & minerals have immune system or antioxidant functions? Select what applies:

Vitamins A, C, D
Zinc
All B Vitamins
Iron
Selenium

Vitamins A, C, D
Zinc
Iron
Selenium

Which vitamins & mineral prevents free radical damage?

Vitamins A, C, D, E
Vitamins A, C, E
Iron
Zinc
Selenium

Vitamins A, C, E
Zinc
Selenium

How does vitamin E function in immune system & as an antioxidant? Select what applies:

Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Enhances the production of red blood cells.

Strengthens the immune response by enhancing the activity of immune cells like T & B-cells.

Reduces body's ability to fight infections.

Regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin C.

Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Strengthens the immune response by enhancing the activity of immune cells like T & B-cells.

Regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin C.

Which are foods rich in vitamin E?

Lipids (oils from plants)
Proteins (meats)
Some Grains (seeds, nuts)
Fruit & Veggies
All of the above

Lipids (oils from plants)
Some Grains (seeds, nuts)

Which are functions of Vitamin C? Select which applies:

collagen & neurotransmitter synthesis
antioxidant capability
production of hormones
bone structure
immune health

collagen & neurotransmitter synthesis
antioxidant capability
production of hormones
immune health

Which are good sources of vitamin C? Select what applies:

Carbohydrates (bread)
Protein
Fruit (citrus, squash, strawberries)
Veggies (potato, greens)
Grains

Fruit (citrus, squash, strawberries)
Veggies (potato, greens)

Impaired synthesis of what compound, is responsible for the symptoms of scurvy, such as bleeding gums, easy bruising & pinpoint hemorrhages?

collagen
neurotransmitter synthesis
antioxidant capability
hormone immune health

collagen

Which are rich sources of selenium? Select which applies:

Protein (meat, eggs, fish, seafood)
Fruits & Veggies
Whole Grain (nuts)
Enriched Grain (white rice)
Carbohydrate (bread)

Protein (meat, eggs, fish, seafood)
Whole Grain (nuts)

Which are deficiencies of selenium? Select what applies:

Reduced Hormones.
Thyroid Disease.
Anemia
Keshan Disease (heart).
Hypertension.

Reduced Hormones.
Thyroid Disease.
Keshan Disease (heart).

What are the functions of vitamin A? Select what applies:

Vision
Immunity
Cell Differentiation
Reproduction
Growth

all of the above

Which are sources of vitamin A?

Provitamins
Retinoids (fish liver, oil, fortified milk)
Whole & Enriched Grains
Carbohydrates
Caroteniods (color fruit, green veggies)

Provitamins
Retinoids (fish liver, oil, fortified milk)
Cretinoids (color fruit, green veggies)

What population groups are at highest risk of vitamin A deficiency?
Select what applies:

young children
pregnant women
athletes
breastfeeding mothers in low-income countries
senior citizens

young children
pregnant women
breastfeeding mothers in low-income countries

Osteoblasts are bone-building cells.

true
false

true

Most bone formation occurs...

between infancy & adolescence
between ages 20 & 30
between ages 30 & 40
over age of 40

between infancy & adolescence

Significant non-dairy sources of calcium include...

almonds, beans, mustard greens, broccoli, and tofu
meat, eggs, and fish
whole-grain breads and cereals, peanuts, bananas, and spinach
all of the above

all of the above

Calcium absorption is likely to be highest in...

postmenopausal women
adults in middle age
adolescent males & females
both postmenopausal women & adults in middle age

adolescent males & females

Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis?

low physical activity
low calcium & vitamin D intake
obesity
amenorrhea

obesity

Low intakes of plant-based foods have been associated with increased risk of cancer.

true
false

true

Phosphorus deficiency is a common problem in North America.

true
false

false

Over half of the magnesium in the body is found in the _

heart
liver
bones
brain

bones

Which of the following helps protect against dental caries?

iodine
manganese
fluoride
chromium

fluoride

Which of the following is a part of acquired (specific) immunity?

skin
hydrochloric acid
antibodies
fever

antibodies

Antioxidants help minimize the damaging effect of free radicals.

true
false

true

Wheat germ and vegetable oils are good sources of vitamin E.

true
false

true

Vitamin C is needed for formation of _______, required to synthesis collagen...

tryptophan
serotonin
hydroxyproline
acetyl-CoA

hydroxyproline

Ingesting 1000 mg of supplemental vitamin C per day has been proven to prevent common colds.

true
false

false

Selenium deficiency can cause impaired thyroid hormone metabolism.

true
false

true

Which food provides very little vitamin A?

mango
spinach
banana
liver

mango

Carotenoids are a precursor form of...

vitamin K
vitamin E
vitamin D
Vitamin A

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is involved in all of the following functions except...

vision & dark adaptation
hemoglobin synthesis
resistance to infection
cell differentiation

hemoglobin synthesis

Vitamin A deficiency is associated with night blindness, keratinization & increased infections.

true
false

true

How are blood calcium levels maintained?

regulated by liver and heart.

negative feedback system, involving hormones & organs like kidneys, bones & gut.

positive feedback system, involving hormones & organs like kidneys, bones & gut.

regulated by the nervous system.

negative feedback system, involving hormones & organs like kidneys, bones & gut.

What are retinoid sources.

color fruit & green veggies
whole & enriched grains
meat, fish & shellfish
fish liver, oil & fortified milk

fish liver, oil & fortified milk

Why are foods of animal origin better sources of selenium than foods of plant origin?

Selenium's only source is protein.
Selenium is bound to protein.
Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.
Selenium is present only in foods of plant origin.

Selenium is bound to protein.

What are carotenoid sources?

whole & enriched grains
meat, fish & shellfish
color fruit & green veggies
fish liver, oil & fortified milk

color fruit & green veggies

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis:

physical inactivity
smoking
alcohol consumption
low intake of calcium and vitamin D
all of these can modify/reduce risk for osteoporosis

all of these can modify/reduce risk for osteoporosis

Which of the following can result in free radical formation?

Immune response
Smoking, Drugs
Ultraviolet light
All of these can result in free radical formation
None of these will result in free radical formation

All of these can result in free radical formation

Minerals in plants reflect the mineral content of the soil in which they are grown.

True
False

True

Since peak bone mass is achieved around age 30, what should be consumed regularly prior to that time to maximize bone mass?

calcium & vitamin D
sodium & chloride
short chain fatty acids
isoleucine & lysine

calcium & vitamin D