Male Infertility and Azoospermia Vocabulary

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the clinical types, etiologies, genetic factors, and surgical treatments of male infertility, including azoospermia and OATS, based on the provided lecture notes.

Secretory Azoospermia

A non-obstructive condition where sperm production by the testicles is impaired, characterized by abnormal FSH levels.

Excretory Azoospermia

An obstructive condition where spermatogenesis is normal but a bilateral obstacle exists in the seminal pathways, characterized by normal FSH levels.

OATS (Oligo-asthéno-tératospermie)

The most frequent sperm abnormality characterized by a decrease in sperm count, mobility, vitality, or the percentage of normal forms.

KALLMAN-MORSIER Syndrome

A central origin cause of secretory azoospermia characterized by collapsed FSH levels, hypogonadism, or delayed puberty.

KLINEFELTER Syndrome

A genetic condition of testicular origin that causes secretory azoospermia, often requiring a karyotype for diagnosis.

ABCC7 Gene

A gene for which a mutation is systematically searched in cases of excretory azoospermia.

CFTR Gene

A gene mutation searched for in cases of bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone used to differentiate between secretory (elevated in $60\%$ of cases or collapsed) and excretory (normal) azoospermia.

Y Microdeletion

A genetic anomaly searched for in patients with secretory azoospermia (high FSH) or OATS (AZFC microdeletions).

Varicocele

A testicular origin cause of infertility that can be managed with surgical or radiological cure.

Cryptorchidism

A clinical history of undescended testicles that serves as a potential etiology for secretory azoospermia or OATS.

Vasovasostomy

A surgical procedure used to treat bilateral obstruction of the vas deferens.

Epididymo-deferential anastomosis

A surgical treatment option for bilateral obstruction of the epididymis.

Resection of ejaculatory ducts

A surgical management technique for obstructions located in the ejaculatory ducts.

FIV/ICSI

Assisted reproductive techniques (In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) used for management of azoospermia.

Idiopathic

A classification for OATS cases where the origin is unknown, representing $40\%$ of instances.

Intrauterine Insemination

A management option considered for cases of moderate OATS.

Bilateral agenesis of vas deferens

The congenital absence of the sperm-carrying ducts, often associated with seminal vesicle absence and CFTR mutations.

Transrectal Ultrasound

A paraclinical imaging tool used to search for anomalies in the seminal pathways (absence, nodules, or dilatation).

FSH + hCG

The specific hormonal treatment used for azoospermia caused by hypogonadism.