0.10- Renaissance in Northern Europe (pt.2)

where did the Northern Renaissance start?

prosperous cities of Flanders, Flanders was a thriving center of trade for northern Europe

People had _____ but stayed ______?

little religion; secular

Jan Van Eyck stands out from the artists in Flanders because what?

portrayals of townspeople and religious scenes have much detail and realism (humanism but realer)

Pieter Bruegel from Flanders did what?

used vibrant colors to portray scenes of peasant life, influenced later Flemish artists who painted scenes of ordinary ppl in daily life

Eyck, Bruegel, and other artists developed what?

new techniques for oil paint: produced strong colors and hard-surfaced paint that can last for centuries

Albrecht Durer did what?

famous printer and influencial artist from Germany;

studied works and techniques in Italy of Italian masters

employed new methods in own paintings back at Germany and engravings/prints

Durer was nicknamed what?

“German Leonardo” (b/c of wide range of hobbies and a keen, inquiring mind)

How was Durer set out?

etches in metal and made prints, which he was really good at

northern European humanist scholars believed what?

revival of ancient learning should be used to bring religious and moral reform, stressed classical learning like Italian Humanists

Who was Erasmus?

Great Dutch humanist and writer, became priest where he use knowledge of classical languages to produce writing & translate

Erasmus translated what?

produced new Greek edition of New Testament, latin translation of Bible + in vernacular

Erasmus sought what?

reforms; also challenged worldliness of Church and urged return to early Christian traditions

Who was Thomas More and what did he do?

English humanist, pressed for social and economic reforms, came up with Utopia

What was Utopia described as?

ideal society where private property doesn’t exist and everyone lives in peace, isn’t poor, and all educated

What’s the translation of Utopia?

no place

Who was Francois Rebelias?

French humanist, monk, physician, Greek scholar, author

Rebelias wrote what?

in French vernacular; Gargantua and Pantagruel (comic tales) where characters offer opinions on religion education, and serious topics

Who was William Shakespeare?

English poet and playwright; most important and influencial, had realism in works and always tragedies

Shakespeare’s works included what?

universal themes in realistic every-day settings, explored Renaissance ideals like complexity of individual and importance of classics, characters spoke in language common ppl understood; 37 of his plays still performed globally

Who was Johannes Gutenburg?

From Germany and created a better and newer version of the printing press

How was the printing press made?

moveable metal type (had grooves and individual letters in between)

What was printed with the printer?

complete edition of the Christian Bible (Gutenberg Bible)

What was the impact of the new printing press?

faster than hand printing, kicked of a religious reformation (most important change in religion), books cheaper and more available, more learned to read and write, access to more ideas (secular and religious), book now took 1 day to make instead of 7 months

What was the cause of the Protestant Reformation?

Christians from all levels of society grew impatient with the worldliness of the Roman Catholic Church and corruption of clergy

What did the Popes do?

compete with Italian princes for political power, fought to protect territory in Italy against invasions, hired painters and sculptors to beautify churches, much money spent to rebuild Cathedral of St. Peter

What did the Church do to finance their big projects?

clergy/Church promoted sale of indulgences, increased fees for services like baptismal and marriage

What were indulgences?

type of pardon that lessened time of punishment a soul faced for sins committed in their lifetime, bought with $ or gifted to Church

What did Martin Luther do?

German monk and professor of theology, triggered revolt, wrote 95 theses and posted it on church door after incident in hometown (Wittenberg, Germany)

What was the incident in Luther’s hometown?

German priest Johann Tetzel set up pulpit on outskirts of town & w/ approval of pope sold indulgences to any Christian who donated $ for rebuilding of St.Peter in Rome (claimed it would save buyer +dead relatives)

What was written in the 95 theses?

argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, Christians only saved by faith

What is purgatory?

where sinners atoned for sins

How did the Church react to the theses?

called Luther to give up his views

What did Luther do after the Church told him to recant his views?

developed more radical doctrines beyond condemnation of indulgences, urged christians to reject tyranny of Rome and many Germans supported him and renounced the pope’s authority

What were Luthers teaching and beliefs based on?

1- salvation is only reached by faith alone not good deeds

2- sole source of religious truth was the Bible (denied authority of pope and Church council)

3- rejected idea that priests and Church hierarchy had special powers/not necessary, all Christians had equal access to God through faith in the Bible

What were Luther’s followers called and what did they do?

Lutherans, Lutheran Churches followed other changes and reforms in Church practices made by Luther (simplified mass focused more on sermon than ritual and other things)

Pope Leo X did what to Luther?

excommunicated him even though he wasn’t Catholic

Charles V declared Luther what?

outlaw, got arrested

Luther still did what and what happened?

wrote and support for reforms grew, printing press spread his writing even further

What were Lutherans new name and why?

Protestants; those who protested papal authority

What was the Peasants’ Revolt?

revolt by peasants because they wanted to be regular people, hoped to end serfdom and changes to ease their harsh life

What was taken up for the Peasant’s Revolt?

they took up Luther’s demand for reform and hoped to gain support for social and economic changes