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age distribution

The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population.

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.

census

A systematic enumeration of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

contraception

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy during or following sexual intercourse.

crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Demographic Transition model

A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops.

demography

The statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

dependency ratio

The ratio of the dependent population (aged 0-14 and over 65) to the working-age population (aged 15-64).

doubling time

The period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value, often used in population studies.

ecumene

The inhabited or habitable areas of the Earth.

epidemiological transition model

A model that describes the changes in population health and disease patterns as a country develops.

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.

J-curve

A graphical representation of population growth that shows an initial period of slow growth followed by rapid increase.

life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.

Malthus, Thomas

An economist and demographer known for his theory that population growth will outpace food supply, leading to famine and conflict.

maternal mortality rate

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth.

Neomalthusians

Advocates of population control who believe that population growth will lead to resource depletion and environmental degradation.

overpopulation

A condition where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them.

population pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate, indicating population growth.

sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population.

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman would have during her lifetime based on current birth rates.

zero population growth

A condition where the number of births plus immigration equals the number of deaths plus emigration, resulting in no net population change.

asylum seeker

An individual who flees their home country and seeks protection in another country.

brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified individuals from a particular country.

chain migration

A process where immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a new destination.

circulation

The short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

counterurbanization

The net migration from urban to rural areas.

desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

diaspora

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.

emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another.

floodplain

An area of land adjacent to a river that is subject to flooding.

Gravity Model

A model used to predict the movement of people between two locations based on their population sizes and the distance between them.

guest worker

A person who migrates to a country to work temporarily.

immigration

The act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

internal migration

The movement of people within a country.

internally displaced person

A person who is forced to flee their home but remains within their country's borders.

intervening opportunity

A feature that causes a migrant to stop and settle before reaching their intended destination.

migration

The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently.

mobility

The ability to move freely and easily.

net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country.

pull factors

Conditions that attract people to a new country.

quota

A limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country during a specific time period.

Ravenstein's Laws

A set of principles that describe the patterns of migration.

refugee

A person who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.

remittance

Money sent back home by migrants to support their families.

step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, often from rural to urban areas.

suburbanization

The process of population movement from within cities to the suburbs.

transhumance

The seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

urbanization

The process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas.