Lecture Notes on DNA Sequencing Technology and Genetic Analysis

This collection of flashcards covers key concepts from the lecture notes on DNA sequencing technology, genetic analysis, and forensic applications.

What is the primary focus of the lecture?

DNA sequencing technology and DNA-based technologies in forensic science.

What must students do with wearable electronic devices during quizzes and exams?

Remove watches and any wearable electronic devices like headphones.

What is PCR?

Polymerase Chain Reaction, a method used to amplify DNA.

What is real-time PCR?

An upgraded version of PCR that allows for the monitoring of the amplification process in real-time.

What does cDNA stand for?

Complementary DNA, created from messenger RNA templates.

What dye is commonly used in real-time PCR?

Cyber Green fluorescent dye.

What is Sanger sequencing?

A method developed by Frederick Sanger in the 1970s for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

What are d d NTPs?

Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates, used to terminate DNA strand elongation during sequencing.

What is a chromatogram?

A visual representation of the results of DNA sequencing, showing peaks for different nucleotides.

What is pyrosequencing?

A next-generation DNA sequencing method that detects light signals emitted during nucleotide incorporation.

What is site-specific mutagenesis used for?

To introduce specific mutations into a gene to study their effects.

What is the goal of gene knockout technology?

To determine the effects of a specific gene by creating organisms that do not express that gene.

What is polymorphism in genetics?

The existence of two or more variations of a particular gene or trait within a population.

What are SNPs?

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, the most common form of genetic variation among individuals.

How does DNA fingerprinting work?

By analyzing short tandem repeats (STRs) in DNA samples for identification purposes.

What is CODIS?

Combined DNA Index System, a database used for matching DNA in criminal investigations.

What role do probes play in genetic testing?

Probes are designed to bind to specific DNA sequences to detect genetic variations.

What is the main purpose of a Southern blot?

To detect specific DNA fragments within a sample after separation by gel electrophoresis.

What kind of DNA can be analyzed using microarrays?

cDNA, which reflects the genes actively being transcribed in a cell at a specific time.

What does transcriptomics study?

The complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome at a given time.

What is a genomic DNA library?

A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the genome of an organism.

What is the significance of short tandem repeats (STRs)?

STRs are used in forensic science for DNA profiling and identification.

What is gene therapy?

A technique to treat or prevent disease by inserting or altering genes within a patient's cells.

What risks are associated with amniocentesis?

Potential risks include infection and miscarriage.

Why might genetic testing not always provide clear results?

Some diseases may not be linked to known genetic mutations or may involve multiple genes.

What are the potential benefits of CRISPR technology in genetics?

To make precise changes to the DNA of organisms, potentially curing genetic diseases.

What does the term 'wild type gene' refer to?

The typical version of a gene that is most common in a population.

What is the advantage of using heterozygotes in breeding studies?

To study the effects of carrying one copy of a mutant gene.

How does the process of DNA replication relate to mutation?

Errors in DNA replication can lead to mutations, which contribute to genetic diversity.

What can result from a lack of proper restriction sites due to SNPs?

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), indicating genetic variation.