Period 2, c.1450 to c. 1750

Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power):

Land Based Empires used firearms and acquired gunpowder to conquer and control territories.

Describe the Qing Dynasty (use SPICE-T characteristics):

Social-
emperor at the highest rank of the social hierarchy, had a group of advisors to make decisions
Many parents tried to get their children the best education so they could become a scholar official, one of the most prosperous social rankings at that time. They were still lower in rank than nobles and generals
Peasants were at the bottom of the hierarchy. All other ranks were above them and this social ranking also had the largest number of members. They would often become the subject of abuse and violence of the government officials and soldiers
Artists highly respected
Political-
forbidded intermarriage between themselves and the Chinese
ruling elites mastered the Chinese language and Confucian teachings and used Chinese bureaucratic techniques to govern the empire
The Qing system was headed by the emperor. There were six ministries, each of which had two presidents and four vice presidents. These ministries were run by an Inner and Outer Court, whose power flowed from the Forbidden City.
The Qing system was headed by the emperor. There were six ministries, each of which had two presidents and four vice presidents. These ministries were run by an Inner and Outer Court, whose power flowed from the Forbidden City.
there was a bureaucracy set up to administer the territories in Tibet and Mongolia
Interactions-
created protected areas and limited harvests in response to environmental degradation
Cultural-
Highly influenced by Chinese and Confucian culture
Qing leaders were generally strong followers of Buddhism. Art flourished under the Qing including painting, sculpture, poetry, opera, and porcelain
Economic-
The southeast coast of China was reopened and trading with other regions was established once again. Foreign trade also began to expand at a steady rate with a 4% growth per year
people were given incentives to contribute to the market growth. This resulted in a steady increase in wealth and more people were able to pay their taxes. The money received from taxes was used to hire laborers and facilitate private merchants.

Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

Social-
There were three classes the rich, middle class, and poor. The difference between the richest sections of society and the poorest were very wide. At the top of the social and economic ladder was the king followed by his nobles. The middle class was usually merchants, industrialists and various other professionals. While the lowest class had very low paying jobs, where they were expected to put in long hours. They were often harassed by the officers of the king, who extorted money out of them by making false charges against them.
the emperor and the nobility followed by the middle class whom was a very minute population and the last and most heavily concentrated was the poor class
Political-
Islamic-influenced Turkic group that invaded India in 1526
The Mughal Empire was run by an emperor who had absolute authority. The third emperor, Akbar (1542-1605), instituted the mansabdari system, a type of military administration that ensured order in the huge and diverse empire
Rajput princes attained the highest ranks, as generals and as provincial governors, in the Mughal service
Hindus incorporated into the political-military elite
relative political unity
sharia (Islamic Law) supported and imposed
Interactions-
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire, during which India's population growth accelerated. The empire sought to discipline the environment and harness its resources to satisfy its own military needs. At the same time, environmental factors like climate, terrain, and ecology profoundly influenced Mughal military tactics, strategy, and deployment of technology.
Cultural-
brought almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drew the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks
spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith
Taj Mahal
Hindu restrictions on women softened (under Akbar) and then tightened (Aurangazeb)
Economic-
the economy of the Mughal Empire revolved around agriculture and trade. The production of desirable agricultural goods, and the taxes on those goods, made the Mughal economy soar. International trade, especially in cotton textiles, provided another layer of economic growth.

Describe the Safavid Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

Social-
the Persian society during the Safavids was that of a hierarchy, with the Shah at the apex of the hierarchical pyramid, the common people, merchants and peasants at the base, and the aristocrats in between
Early Safavid women were distinctive from women in other Islamic societies because much power and respect was given to the pious and celibate unmarried sister or daughter of ruling men. These women, as a consequence, were active patrons of art, architecture, and religious institutions.
Political-
establishment of Twelver Shiʿism (Shia Islam) as the state religion of Iran
Religious and political power were completely intertwined, and encapsulated in the person of the Shah
Interactions-
Periodic military conflicts between the Safavid empire and the Ottoman empire since the Shia-based empire was largely isolated from the rest of the Sunni world
Cultural-
emerged from a Sufi order, Turkic leadership, Shia version of Islam imposed as the religion of the state
surrounded by the Ottomans, Uzbek, and Mughal cultures
Economic-
ideal geographic location for trade, with a long coastline between Arabia and India. A major export of the Safavid Empire was its raw silk and silk textiles. Persian carpets were also especially popular in Europe
Agricultural crops were taxed directly

Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power:

Land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power because imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed
trade.

Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power:

Land-based empires used religious art and ideas to legitimize their power. Persian emperors were strong patrons of the Zoroastrian faith, and they used cylinder-seal impressions that depicted Zoroastrian activities to maintain power over their empire in the Persian heartland. Other examples of religious ideas include the Mexica practice of human sacrifice, European notions of divine right, and Songhai promotion of Islam.

Explain how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power:

Land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power because it made the empire look

How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?

They used tribute tax collection systems to generate revenue that contributed to show power and expansion of the empire. More taxes that were collected the more
expansion and personal goods/monuments could be purchased.

Explain the Protestant Reformation:

The protestant reformation was when 6th-century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval fractured Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

What changes (political, social, cultural) occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

provoked a national schism within the world of Catholic Christendom, kings and princes found the ideas of the church being corrupt appealing and thought of them as a justification for their own independence and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the Church.
Middle class city dwellers found a new religious legitimacy and purpose for their role in society
stimulated education and literacy for women
due to the printing press, Protestant Reformation thinking made its way out of Germany and added a religious difference (Catholicism and Protestant) on top of the sharp class divisions and fractured political system in Europe

How could you connect the events of the Protestant Reformation to later events such as the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment?

The protestant reformation lead to people wanting reform, it lead to people wanting to change the state of the governments. So with this people had a different mindset which then let to such events like the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment.

Explain the Sunni and Shi'a split.

The sunni and shi 'a split because the sunnie believed that only the descendent of the umayyad should rule the muslims but the shia believed that it should only be the descendent of Ali be the ruler of the muslims Ottoman Empire: Sunni
Safavid empire: Shia
successor of Muhammad, Sunni muslims thought that Abu Bakr was the rightful successor, Shi'a muslims believe in imams, story of the 12th imam,

Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period?

The split intensified because of Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires.

Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire.

The Mughal Empire came to power in India, and the Mughals had a tremendous impact on the development of Sikhism. In 1567, Emperor Akbar was tolerant of the Sikhs. A Mughal emperor saw them as a threat which motivated the Sikhs to militarize in order to protect their faith.

Evaluate the extent to which religious ideals were utilized to legitimize political authority in land-based empires during the 1450-1750 time period.

In the years 1450 - 1750 leaders were looking for ways to legitimize and consolidate thier power. They found multiple ways to do this including building vast architectural monuments - Like the Taj Mahal - and even hiring military professionals to keep the subjects in check. Despite the different ways the leaders had to consolidate their power the whole lot of them would often claim to be divine or in some relation to God. Some would claim that God had given them the divine right to lead.

Evaluate the extent to which monumental art and architecture were utilized to legitimize political authority in land-based empires during the 1450 to 1750 time period.

Monumental art and architecture were utilized to legitimize political authority in many ways. It was almost unsaid that for something to be official it had to be big and great. When different European and Asian empires wanted to create a political building, they would get great artist to design huge buildings for their headquarters.

Evaluate the extent to which the rulers of land-based empires in the 1450-1750 time period managed diverse populations.

Populations during the 1450-1750 time period were greatly diverse. This diversification was due to rulers allowing trade into their town. These merchants would travel from different places of the world to trade and sometimes settle in the kingdo