patho alterations in cell function pt 1

Glycolysis

2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP

Krebs cycle

Pyruvate (w O2) + 2NADH + 2ATP

ETC

uses 2ADP from krebs + 34 ATP = 38ATP

NADH from krebs activates what

ETC w 2ADP

If there is hypoxia …

Cellular metabolism has to recycle thru glycolysis ( NO O2 )

Positive of anaerobic glycolysis

2ATP, temp stop gap solution

Con of anaerobic glycolysis

2ATP is not enough, pyruvate accumulates

too much pyruvate can cause

Acidosis

Normal body pH

7.35-7.45

w/out atp

Na & K pump cannot maintain normal electrical cell mem status (turning it positive)

Sodium goes

Out

Glucose

Most important substance to create ATP

RMP is normally

Negative

Vitamins

“Support staff” for metabolic pathway

If intake of glucose is greater than cellular energy needs

Insulin directs excess glucose to be stores

glycogen

Excess glucose

Glycogenesis

Creation of glycogen

Regulatory processes

Insulin, glucose entering cells, glycogenesis

Counterregulatory hormones

Trigged by low blood glucose ( didn’t eat )

Epinephrine is from the

adrenal medulla

Cortisol is from the

Adrenal cortex

GH is from the

Pituitary

Glucagon is from the

Pancreas

Another word for stress hormones

Glucagon

Glycogenolysis

Uses Glucagon to convert stored glycogen to glucose

What converts glycogen to glucose

Glucagon

Glucaneogenesis

Use of any other substances besides carbohydrates

Gluconeogenesis breaks down

Fats and proteins

Ketones

Breakdown products of fats and proteins, offer some energy

Cons of Ketones

Are an acid so can cause acidosis

Can’t be used by the brain

The brain only uses what for energy

GLUCOSE

Normal counterregulatory processes

Glycogenolysis & glucogenesis

Glycogen storage diseases

Abnormalities in glycogenesis or glycogenolysis

McArdles disease

Autosomal recessive disease where normal ability to breakdown muscle glycogen is diminished

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Glycogenesis extreme, NO insulin so glucose stays in blood cannot go in cell, HIGH blood glucose

Why are type 1 diabetics thin

The body uses sustained gluconeogenesis (fats and proteins) as its main energy pathway

Insulin

Gets glucose into cell

Hyperketonemia can be manifested by

High serum ketones

Ketoacidosis

Ketonuria

Acetone breath

Hyperketonemia causes

Low blood pH

Vitamins important to Maximize creation of ATP

Niacin

Thiamine

Riboflavin

Iron

Alcoholics have a high risk for

Vitamin deficiencies

Anemia

Less than normal numbers of RBCs, iron deficiency

Beriberi

Thiamine (B1) deficiency

thiamine B1

Important in functioning of neurological cells (brain tissue)

Thiamine deficiency issues

Wernicke Koraakoff syndrome

Parathesia

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

Memory loss, ataxia (staggering gait), eye movement issues

Parasthesia

Numbness and tingling usually in legs ( also seen in B12 deficiency)

Drug that interferes with vitamin absorption

Cyanide

Cyanide MOA

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase

cytochrome oxidase

Important to make enough ATP