Grade 12 Philippine Politics and Governance Midterm Reviewer Flashcards

Topic-by-topic question and answer practice flashcards based on the Grade 12 Philippine Politics and Governance comprehensive reviewer.

What is politics?

The process of making decisions for a group or society, including debate and negotiation about power, laws, priorities, interests, and the distribution of limited resources.

What are the four views of politics described in the reviewer?

1. Art of Government
2. Public Affairs
3. Compromise and Consensus
4. Power and Resource Distribution

How does empirical analysis differ from normative analysis?

Empirical analysis describes or explains using observable evidence and data (using words like 'is' or 'was'), while normative analysis judges what is good, just, or ought to be done (using words like 'should' or 'ought').

How is power defined in political science?

The ability of a person or group to influence actions, decisions, opportunities, or outcomes, even when there is resistance.

What are the four methods of exercising power?

Force/Coercion (threats/penalties), Exchange (rewards/benefits), Persuasion (reasoning/logic), and Manipulation (hidden/deceptive means).

What are the three faces or dimensions of power?

1. Decision-making (visible final decision or vote)
2. Agenda-setting (controlling which issues are discussed or voted on)
3. Preference-shaping (shaping what people think, want, or consider normal)

How do Authority and Legitimacy differ?

Authority is power supported by a recognized right or official basis, whereas Legitimacy is the belief and acceptance by the public that authority and leadership are rightful, valid, and worthy of obedience.

What are the three bases of legitimate authority according to Max Weber?

Traditional authority (established customs), Charismatic authority (exceptional personality/trust), and Legal-rational authority (laws, offices, and clear procedures).

What does Article II, Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution state regarding sovereignty?

"Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them."

What is the difference between internal sovereignty and external sovereignty?

Internal sovereignty is the supreme authority within a territory to make and enforce laws, while external sovereignty is the State's independence to govern itself and conduct foreign relations without outside control.

What are the four essential elements of a State?

People, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty.

According to John Locke, why is legitimate government established?

Government is established by the consent of the governed to protect natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

How do government and governance differ?

Government refers to the formal institutions and officials possessing legal authority to make and enforce laws, while governance is the broader process of making, implementing, and managing decisions involving interactions among government, citizens, civil society, the private sector, and other actors.

What are the eight characteristics of good governance listed in the reviewer?

Accountability, Transparency, Participation, Responsiveness, Rule of Law, Effectiveness and Efficiency, Equity and Inclusiveness, and Consensus Orientation.

What are the three inherent powers of the State?

Police Power (regulating liberty/property for welfare), Eminent Domain (taking private property for public use with just compensation), and Taxation (imposing taxes to raise public revenue).

What is the central value of Liberalism?

Individual liberty and rights, supported by limited and accountable government, civil liberties, personal choice, and private enterprise.

How do Socialism and Communism differ regarding economic structure?

Socialism seeks social and economic equality through strong public provision while permitting regulated private firms in a mixed economy; Communism seeks a classless society through complete collective ownership of major productive resources.

What is the central frame of Populism?

Claiming to represent ordinary people against a corrupt or distant establishment/elite.

In Marxist class analysis, what are the two main social classes?

The bourgeoisie (owners who control productive resources) and the proletariat (workers who depend on wages).

What is the core principle of Feminism?

Gender equality and dignity, which challenges gender-based barriers and unequal power to ensure equal rights, voice, and opportunities for everyone.

What distinction exists between Sovereignty and Sovereign Rights in maritime domain contexts?

Sovereignty is full supreme authority over land and territorial seas, whereas Sovereign Rights refer to specific resource-related rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage natural resources within an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Which key international legal instruments guide Philippine maritime rights and peaceful dispute settlement in the West Philippine Sea?

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 2016 Arbitral Award.

What is Pax Silica and what role does the Philippines play in it as of April 2026?

Pax Silica is a U.S.-led initiative focused on secure supply chains and cooperation in AI, semiconductors, and critical minerals; the Philippines joined in April 2026 with plans for an industrial acceleration hub in New Clark City.