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Gatsby Historical Background:
Author:
Who was the author of The Great Gatsby?
-F. Scott Fitzgerald
Gatsby Historical Background:
This novel is considered "_______ _________ ____________ ________" by many critics.
-The Great American Novel
*perfect portrayal of the Roaring 20's
Gatsby Historical Background:
In the first year of selling, less than ___________ copies were sold.
23,000
Gatsby Historical Background:
Author:
Was Fitzgerald recognized for his success when he was alive?
-No, he didn't gain publicity until later
-He died thinking he was a failure -- his novels were not successful to begin with
Gatsby Historical Background:
Author:
What disease did Fitzgerald struggle with?
-alcoholism
Gatsby Historical Background:
Author:
What was important to know about Fitzgerald's wife, Zelda?
-She was in and out of mental institutions
Gatsby Historical Background:
World War I:
What was a new tactic that was brought about in WWI?
-Trench warefare
Gatsby Historical Background:
World War I:
When was Gatsby released from WWI?
-November 1918
Gatsby Historical Background:
World War I:
What epidemic broke out into 1918, why is the significant for the "Roaring 20's?"
-Spanish influenza
*spread so rapidly because of men being deployed to different countries during the war
Roaring 20's
*everyone was excited to come out of isolation from the pandemic...everyone wanted to PARTY!!
Gatsby Historical Background:
Prohibition:
Why is it ironic that everyone in the GG is drunk?
-prohibition exists during this time
Gatsby Historical Background:
Prohibition:
By taking alcohol away...
-the issue only became worse
*more organized crime and loopholes (ways of getting around the law)
*theft, robbery, kidnapping
Gatsby Historical Background:
Speakeasy:
What were invented during the 20's as a counteraction of prohibtion?
-speakeasies (underground bars that sold alcohol)
*passwords were required
*very prominent, almost everyone had access to a speakeasy
*police enforcement were often paid off to stay quiet
Gatsby Historical Background:
Women's Rights:
Who were the 2 influential women during the suffrage movement?
-Alice Paul & Lucy Burns
*founding leaders of the NWP
Gatsby Historical Background:
Women's Rights:
What amendment allowed women to vote?
-19th amendment
Gatsby Historical Background:
Flappers:
What was a "flapper"?
-an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashion and urban attitudes of the day
*these women were more assertive and not under control of a man, smoked cigarettes, drank in public, and danced
*radical women
*people judged them for not being feminine
*represented the new emergence of a type of woman
Gatsby Historical Background:
Flappers:
Why did men not like the flappers?
-women didn't act feminine (implicit statement of equal playing field-- they like women below them in society)
*these women were everything a woman was not supposed to be
Gatsby Historical Background:
Harlem Renaissance:
The parties were _____________, the morals were _________________.
-bigger
-looser
*people are going against traditional standards
Gatsby Historical Background:
Harlem Renaissance:
The glamorous of the 20's ----->
-the great depression
*what comes up, must come down
Gatsby Historical Background:
Harlem Renaissance:
Spending money?
-people were not being conscientious with their spending, spending money they cannot afford
Background:
Who is the narrator of the GG?
-Nick Carraway
Background:
What decade does this novel take place in?
-the 1920s
Background:
What is Nick's Father telling him?
"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone...just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had" (Fitzgerald 1).
-do not be judgmental
Background:
What is this implying about Gatsby and his American Dream?
"Gastby turned out all right in the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men" (Fitzgerald 10)
-Gatsby's grief (dust) gets in the way of his dreams
-he deals with many obstacles on his journey to the American Dream
Background:
Nick was born in the West. After the war, Nick traveled __________.
-East
Background:
What was Nick's career?
-bond business
Background:
Setting:
-takes place in the summer in Long Island Sound, New York
Background:
What is the difference between West Egg and East Egg?
West Egg:
-NEW MONEY
*seen less fashionable
East Egg:
-OLD MONEY
*seen as more fashionable -- generational wealth
Background:
Why was Gatsby looked down upon?
-he was NEW MONEY, a self-made man
Background:
Why did the "old money" crowd not associate with "new money"
-they were peculiar with how the "new money" people obtained their fortunes
*most of the time it was from organized crime
Background:
OLD or NEW Money:
Nick Carraway:
-raised with old money, but after college he became new money and resided on the West Egg
Background:
OLD or NEW Money:
Tom and Daisy Buchannan:
-old money
Chapter 1:
What can we infer based on Tom's body language?
"Not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body -- he seemed to fill those glistening boots until he strained he top lacing, and you cold see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his thin coat" (Fitzgerald 13-14).
-muscular
-arrogant
Chapter 1:
When Nick first meets Daisy and Jordan they are wearing ____________, symbolizing _________.
-white dresses; purity
Chapter 1:
How does Jordan first present herself?
"Her chin raised a little, as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall" (Fitzgerald 15).
-she seems "stuck up", prideful
*Nick feels like he has to apologize
Chapter 1:
What literary device is this an example of?
People are intrigued by Daisy and she is very well liked, but she is very sad.
-juxtaposition
Chapter 1:
What sport does Jordan Baker play?
-golf
Chapter 1:
What can be inferred about Tom's character?
"Well, these books are all scientific...this fellow has worked out the whole thing. It's up to us, who are the dominant race, to watch out or these other races will have control of things" (Fitzgerald 18).
-racist
Chapter 1:
What is conversation like in both the West and East Egg?
-West: fast paced, "phrase to phrase"
-East: slow paced, conversations are shallow and discuss unimportant topics
Chapter 1:
What does the Buchannan's house symbolize?
*ROARING 20S vs. GREAT DEPRESSION
-Outside of House: glamourous, extravagant
-Inside of House: sad, hopeless
Chapter 1:
Tom's Affair:
"You mean to say you don't know?' said Ms. Baker, 'I thought everyone knew" (Fitzgerald 20).
-Tom is having an affair, Daisy knows
Chapter 1:
Daisy's daughter:
"I hope she'll be a fool--that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool" (Fitzgerald 22).
-Daisy doesn't want her daughter to get hurt, let her be a fool to be happy
-At this time beauty represents women
Chapter 1:
What can be inferred about Tom's character?
"She's a nice girl,' said Tom after a moment. 'They oughtn't to let her run around the country this way" (Fitzgerald 23).
-sexist
Chapter 1:
What do we discover about Daisy?
"[Daisy] can't seem to remember, but [she] thinks [she and Tom] talked about the Nordic race" (Fitzgerald 24).
-she plays "dumb", she appeases her hsuband
Chapter 1:
What do we discover about Nick?
"I had no intention of being rumored into marriage" (Fitzgerald 24).
-he has a fling with a woman out West
Chapter 1:
What does Nick think Daisy should do about Tom?
"It seemed to me that the thing for Daisy to do was to rush out of the house, child in arms--but apparently there were no such intentions in her head" (Fitzgerald 24).
-Nick thinks that Daisy should leave Tom
Chapter 1:
What is ironic about the end of the first chapter (think title)?
-We haven't met Gatsby yet...the title of the book is about him...
Chapter 1:
What do we discover about Gatsby as Nick notices him at the end of his dock?
"He stretched out his arms...a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. When I looked once more for Gatsby, he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unquiet darkness" (Fitzgerald 25).
-Gatsby is vague and mysterious
Chapter 2:
What is the Valley of Ashes and what do the ashes symbolize?
"This is Valley of Ashes -- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke, and finally, with a transcendent efforts, for ash-grey men, who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air" (Fitzgerald 26).
-Valley of Ashes: grim, depressing, dirty
-Ashes: represents new emissions from industrial Revolution
*shows the underlying decay under the glam of the 20s
Chapter 2:
Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg:
"The eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no face, but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent nose" (Fitzgerald 26).
-billboard
-watching over the valley of ashes
*judging
*omnipresent God-like figure
*watches over the moral corruption
Chapter 2:
Moral Corruption:
Tom:
-represents corruption
*mentally and physically abusive to his wife
Chapter 2:
Moral Corruption:
Nick:
-tries to be good and thinks he is honest, but this is IRONIC:
1. he is entangled with 2 girls
2. knows about the affair
Chapter 2:
Myrtle Wilson:
-wife of George Wilson
-Tom's mistress
-tries to fit into the "high class society" even thought she lives in the valley of ashes
-she is curvy and sensual, opposite of Daisy
Chapter 2:
Nick says he has only been drunk ____________ in his life.
-twice
Chapter 2:
Why does Tom break Myrtle's nose?
-Myrtle repeats Daisy's name
-Tom is violent when he is drunk
Chapter 3:
Gatsby's Party:
-extravagant, massive party
-people come from all over (not even invited; or do not know who Gatsby even is)
-Nick receives a formal invitation from Gatsby
-Gatsby observes his party, he doesn't participate in it nor drink
Chapter 2:
What does this passage represent for Nick?
"I wanted to get out and walk eastward towards the park through the soft twilight, but each time I tried to go I became entangles in some wild, strident argument which pulled me back, as if with ropes, into my chair. Yet high over the city our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I saw him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life" (Fitzgerald 36).
-Nick has an out of body experiences and wrestles with an INTERNAL CONFLICT
*feels torn between old and new money
*both fascinated and disgusted with these people
Chapter 3:
Who says this?
"Absolutely real--have pages and everything...It's bona-fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Balasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop, too -- didn't cut the pages. But what do you want? What do you expect?" (Fitzgerald 44).
-Owl Eyes
*he is found in the library by Jordan and Nick
*shocked that Gatsby's books are real -- significant because in the 20s, lots of things are surface level and not real
Chapter 3:
Gatsby's smile:
"He smiled understandingly -- much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life..." (Fitzgerald 46).
-comforting, feel like a million bucks, feel like your best self
Chapter 3:
What does this quote represent?
"Anyhow, he gives large parties...And I like large parties. They're so intimate. At small parties there isn't any privacy" (Fitzgerald 47).
-paradox of parties
Chapter 3:
What does this quote represent?
"I wondered if the fact that he was not drinking helped to set him off from his guests, for it seemed to me that he grew more correct as the fraternal hilarity increased" (Fitzgerald 48).
-Gatsby's observant nature
-he doesn't drink -- wants to be aware; puts himself on a pedestal
Chapter 3:
What does this quote represent?
"Fifty feet from the door a dozen headlights illuminated a bizarre and tumultuous scene. In the ditch beside the road, right side up, but violently shorn of one wheel, rested a new coupé which had left Gatsby's drive not two minutes before" (Fitzgerald 50).
-wreck outside of Gatsby's house
*people are careless
*foreshadowing of 20s --> GD
Chapter 3:
What does this imply about Gatsby?
"A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell" (Fitzgerald 52).
-he is lonely
Chapter 3:
What does this quote represent (Nick thinking about Jordan)?
"I wasn't actually in love, but I felt a sort of tender curiosity" (Fitzgerald 54)
-he is not in love with her, but in love with the idea of her...something different to him
Chapter 3:
What does Nick remember about Jordan?
"When we were in a house-party together up in Warwick, she left a borrowed car out in the rain with the top down, and then lied about it" (Fitzgerald 54).
-Jordan is very dishonest; she even cheated in golf by moving the golf ball
Chapter 4:
What says this quote and what does it represent?
"I understand you're looking for a business gonnegtion" (Fitzgerald 64)
-Wolfsheim
*he fixed the World Series, would bet on teams to win which is illegal and then pay the other team to lose so that he would win the bet
*superficiality of the 20s, but only see the glamorous parts
-Wolfsheim obtains his money in a corrupt way, so Gatsby is probably corrupt as well since he works with him
Chapter 4:
What does this quote represent?
"She wouldn't let go of the letter. She took it into the tub with her and squeezed it up into a wet ball, and only let me leave it in the soap-dish" (Fitzgerald 68).
-Gatsby wrote Daisy a letter before Daisy was to marry Tom
-Daisy gets very emotional and tries to hold on to her past memories, but ultimately she moves on
Chapter 4:
What says this quote and what does it represent?
"Well, about six weeks ago, she heard the name Gatsby for the first time in years. It was when I asked you -- do you remember? -- if you knew Gatsby in West Egg. After you had gone home she came into my room and woke me up, and said: "What Gatsby?" and when I described him--I was half asleep -- she said in the strangest voice that it must be the man she used to know. It wasn't until then that I connected this Gatsby with the officer in her white car" (Fitzgerald 69).
-Jordan Baker
-Daisy knew Gatsby once before!!
Chapter 4:
What does this quote represent?
"Then it had not been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night. He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor" (Fitzgerald 70).
-Nick understands that the stars don't align for Gatsby, meaning that Gastby had to create his own destiny (things were not predetermined for him)
-Foreshadows that Gatsby was a self-made man
-Gatsby bought his house because of Daisy; kept all of the newspaper clippings of her
Chapter 4:
What does this quote represent?
"They are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy, and the tired" (Fitzgerald 71).
-Gatsby and Nick's friendship is surrounded around Daisy
*Daisy = pursued
*Gatsby = pursuer
*Nick = tired
Chapter 5:
What does this quote represent?
"There was nothing to look at from under the tree except Gatsby's enormous house, so I stared at it, like Kant at his church steeple, for half an hour" (Fitzgerald 78).
-When Daisy comes to Nick's for tea...it started pouring rain
-paid for people to look peasantry so one would look great
*what the 20s were all about, looking glamorous on the outside
Chapter 5:
What does this quote represent?
"He had been full of the idea so long, dreamed it right through to the end, waited with his teeth set, so to speak, at an inconceivable pitch of intensity. Now, in the reaction, he was running down like an overwound clock" (Fitzgerald 80-81).
-clock = time spiraling; Gatsby has lost 5 years of his dream
*now that he has his dream in front of him, he cannot get the time back, has been thinking about this for a long time
Chapter 5:
What does this quote represent?
"They're such beautiful shirts...It makes me sad because I've never seen such -- such beautiful shirts before" (Fitzgerald 81).
-crying because of what she's missing in life with Gatsby, made a mistake marrying Tom, she is very materialistic and greedy
Chapter 5:
What does this quote represent?
"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams -- not through her own fault, but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion" (Fitzgerald 84).
-Gatsby probably had a scenario in his head but he was disappointed because Daisy fell short, his expectations were too high
-Gatsby invented his identity, he came from nothing, will never be satisfied with himself because he will never be old money
-Nick doesn't enjoy the party @ Gatsby's because Daisy doesn't enjoy it, looks through her eyes
Chapter 6:
What does this quote represent?
"The truth was that Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself" (Fitzgerald 86).
-Gatsby's real name = James Gatz
-Gatsby formed himself out of nothing! (self-made)
Chapter 6:
What does this quote represent?
"Can't repeat the past?...Why of course you can!" (Fitzgerald 95)
-past will not be the same as imagined!!
-Gatsby is fixated on the past and doesn't think about his future
Chapter 6:
What does this quote represent?
"Out of the corner of his eye Gatsby saw that the blocks of the sidewalks really formed a ladder and mounted to a secret place above the trees" (Fitzgerald 96).
-climbing ladder to reach Daisy
-Daisy = Gatsby's American Dream
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"I wanted somebody who wouldn't gossip. Daisy comes over quite often -- in the afternoon...[Nick] couldn't believe that they would choose this occasion for a scene -- especially for the rather harrowing scene that Gastby had outlined in the garden" (Fitzgerald 98).
-Nick thinks that Gatsby and Daisy will tell Tom that they are going to run way
*Gatsby told Nick about Louisville and how he will run away with Daisy and marry her (said this in the garden)
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"Afterwards he kept looking at the child with surprise. I don't think [Gatsby] had ever really believed in its existence before" (Fitzgerald 100).
-Gatsby realizes he cannot repeat the past
*Daisy will not leave her child, Pammy
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"Their eyes met, and they stared together at each other, alone in space. With an effort she glanced down at the table...She had told [Gatsby] that she loved him, and Tom Buchanan saw" (Fitzgerald 102).
-Daisy did not actually tell Gatsby that she loves him, Tom just notices their body language and realizes about their affair
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"Her voice is full of money...that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbal's song of it...high in a whit palace the king's daughter, the golden girl..." (Fitzgerald 103).
-Gatsby says this about Daisy
-Daisy relies on money and always has
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"Let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife" (Fitzgerald 110).
-Tom is a hypocrite...he literally is in an affair as well
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side--street drugstores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter. That's one of his little stunts. I picked him for a bootlegger the first time I saw him, and I wasn't far wrong" (Fitzgerald 114).
-Tom discovers Gatsby's fortune and how he obtained it in a corrupt way through organized crime
*sold alcohol illegally over the counter in drugstores
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"I was thirty. Before me stretched the portentous, menacing road of a new decade" (Fitzgerald 115).
-Nick is insignificant
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"That yellow car I was driving this afternoon wasn't mine -- do you hear? I haven't seen it all afternoon" (Fitzgerald 119).
-Tom notices that people believe he killed Myrtle; he is quick to protect himself and state that it wasn't his car
Chapter 7:
What does this quote represent?
"There was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together" (Fitzgerald 123).
-Daisy and Tom have reconciled
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"Nothing happened...I waited, and about four o'clock she came to the window and stood there for a minute and then turned out the light" (Fitzgerald 125).
-turning out the light, signifies that Gatsby's hope for their relationship should be done
-Daisy wants to return to reality
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"he let her believe that he was a person from much the same strata as herself" (Fitzgerald 127)
-Gatsby and Daisy's relationship was based on a lie
-Gastby acted rich
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"Don't do it today...You know, old sport, I've never used that pool all summer" (Fitzgerald 130)
-Gastby cannot let the summer go
-He wanted to be reminded of Daisy
-He didn't want his workers to drain the pool
Chapter 8:
Who is this quote about and what does this quote represent?
"This was a forlorn hope -- he was almost that ____________ had no friend: there was not enough of him for his wife" (Fitzgerald 135).
-Wilson
-he didn't care about his wife until she was gone
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"I have an idea that Gatsby himself didn't believe it (the phone call from Daisy) would come, and perhaps he no longer cared" (Fitzgerald 136).
-Gatsby wants Daisy to call him
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"He must have looked up at an unfamiliar sky through frightening leaves and shivered as he found what a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the scarcely created grass. A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously about...like that ashen, fantastic figure gliding towards him through the amorphous trees" (Fitzgerald 137).
-imagery shows:
*material without being real --> everything is fake nothing is real
*Gatsby is dying and realizes the corrupt nature
Chapter 8:
What does this quote represent?
"There was a faint, barely perceptible movement of the water as the fresh flow from one end urges its way towards the drain at the other. With little ripples that were hardly the shadows of waves, the laden mattress moved irregularly down the pool. A small gust of wind that scarcely corrugated the surface was enough to disturb its accidental course with its accidental burden. The touch of a cluster of leaves revolved it slowly, tracing, like the leg of transit, a thin red circle in the water" (Fitzgerald 137).
-imagery of Gatsby's death and blood filling the pool after he was shot
Chapter 9:
What does this quote represent?
"Even when the East excited me most, even when I was most keenly aware of its superiority to the bored, sprawling, swollen towns beyond the Ohio, with their interminable inquisitions which spared only the children and the very old--even then it had always for me a quality of distortion" (Fitzgerald 149).
-corruption overweighs the glamorous times of the 20s
Chapter 9:
What does this quote represent?
"West Egg, especially, still figures in my more fantastic dreams. I see it as a night scene by El Greco: a hundred houses, at once conventional and grotesque, crouching under a sullen, overhanging sky and a lusterless moon. In the foreground four solemn men in dress suits are walking long the sidewalk with a stretcher on which lies a drunken woman in a white evening dress. Her hand, which dangles over the side, sparkles cold with jewels. Gravely the men turn in at a house -- the wrong house. But no one knows the woman's name, and no one cares" (Fitzgerald 149).
-Nick feels that the East represents a painting by "El Greco" (an artist whose paintings look like nightmares)
*downfall of the 20s
woman on the stretcher
-wearing white and jewels (glam of the 20s)
-4 men in suits carrying her don't even know who she is
*representative of the corruption of the 20s --> people get so drunk that people do not even know each other
-after this discovery, Nick goes back home to the West; without Gatsby, Nick feels the East is corrupted (nothing is good anymore)
Chapter 9:
What does this quote represent?
"I told him the truth...He came to the door while we were getting ready to leave, and when I sent down word that we weren't in he tried to force his way upstairs. He was crazy enough to kill me if I hadn't told him who owned the car" (Fitzgerald 150-151)
-Tom is oblivious to the fact that his wife, Daisy, killed Myrtle
-Tom tells Wilson that Gatsby killed Myrtle
Chapter 9:
What does this quote represent?
"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy--they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made" (Fitzgerald 151).
-Tom and Daisy exemplify the corrupt nature of the 20s
-both are heavily materialistic
Chapter 9:
What do the Dutch Sailors represent?
"Most of the big shore places were closed now and there were hardly any lights except the shadowy, moving glow of a ferryboat across the Sound. As the moon rose higher the inessential houses began to melt away until gradually I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors' eyes --- a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby's house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath in the presence of this continent" (Fitzgerald 152).
-the sailors represent how Gatsby came to the East ("new world") with nothing but he always had hope!!
Chapter 9:
What does this quote represent?
"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in the vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night" (Fitzgerald 152).
-Gatsby's dream = unobtainable
*he is fixated on repeating the past
*his experiences with Daisy happened, but he could never learn that history can not be repeated
Chapter 9:
What literary device is within this quote?
"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past" (Fitzgerald 152).
METAPHOR
-Gatsby's unobtainable dream, he tried his hardest to obtain his dream but he was continuously set back because recreating the past was not possible
-Society (us): Fitzgerald proclaims that the American Dream is unobtainable, but people still have hope and will always do things to try to achieve the American dream but ultimately they will fail
Based on the end of the novel, how does the author, Fitzgerald, view the American Dream?
-he deems it as unobtainable/unachievable
*we can try our hardest, but the dream will never be complete