UCSB SOC 1 (kornberg) (final exam)

define deviance

Behaviors that violate social norms.

define folkways

Norms about customs, traditions, and etiquette.

define mores

More seriously protected norms that reflect the morals and values of a social group.

formal vs. informal social control

formal: usually from laws and institutions (may include imprisonment for crimes, fines for speeding, workplace termination for harassment)

informal: usually from social norms and reactions

(may include public shaming on social media, weird looks in public, parents grounding their teenager, etc.,)

what are moral panics?

over-heated, short-lived periods of intense social concern over an issue

what is the functionalist theory?

theory that says that deviance serves a social function (can tell us right from wrong)

what is the strain theory?

- stress that comes from an anomie

- mismatch between goals and means (people have goals but not the resources)

what is the opportunity theory?

- idea that some people are more likely to be exposed to deviant subcultures

- "delinquency is a function of opportunity" pp. 17

what are the 5 adaptations related to the strain theory?

- conformity: individual accepts socially approved paths and has the means to achieve them

- ritualism: individual follows socially approved means to success but reject the goal

- retreatism: rejects both goal and means

- innovation: individual shares goals but rejects the means

- rebellion: instead of simply retreating, individuals disrupt the system

what is a stigma?

** it is a social construction

- when someone gets shunned because of a spoiled identity and can never be socially accepted

is all deviance negative?

no, some deviance can bring innovation and can be problems solving.

what is the labeling theory?

Theory that deviance is created through reactions to an act

primary vs. secondary deviance:

- primary doesn't have significant social consequences

- secondary: when someone's deviance is accepted as who they are, making them even more deviant

what is the main argument behind the conflict theories of deviance?

people who have the power to define and police deviance will do so with the specific intent of maintaining their class status

what is abolitionism and what is its argument?

- critique of legal systems for not getting to the root causes of crime

- argues that communities have existing alternative forms of governance to deal with social problems

how is sociology important to public health?

- it focuses on social forces that underlie patterns we have seen in stereotypes, marginalization, and even formation of class

what are life chances?

- the opportunities you have to get goods and positive living conditions

- depend on our ability to access resources like water, food, healthcare, etc

what is demography?

study of death, birth rates, income and the fluctuating structure of human populations

what is the socio-ecological model?

- starts with the individual, family, peer groups, neighborhood, etc.

- layers that overlap and have an effect on each other

- model also helps us understand deeper causes

- shows us that people behave in a way that responds to the resources available

what is the demographic transition theory?

describes the shift from high birth/death rates to lower rates and how it is directly proportional to the association with proper sanitation, economic development, and education, and technology advancement

what does it mean to privatize healthcare and what is the impact it has had?

- when health care systems shift from publicly funded or gov.-ran system to a profit-model and market-based system

- this as monetized health care and made it really hard for struggling communities to access affordable health care

socially legitimate vs. illegitimate

legitimate: when someone gets really sick but it wasn't their fault

-----ex: someone gets breast cancer

illegitimate: when someone gets really sick and it was a result of something they did

----ex: smoking so much they get lung cancer

what is the affordable care act and what did it do?

- reform law that helped people gain access to affordable health insurance

- under obama admin

- required all americans to have health insurance

what is medicalization? how is it important?

- when experiences become framed in medical terms

- this erases cultural or social forces to only biological processes

ex: instead of approaching illness in a holistic way, we approach medically

describe the stigmatization process:

1. determination of which marks are important to distinguish "us" from "them"

2. marks are connected to specific stereotypes

3. stigmatized group experiences discrimination and loses social status

how does structural racism affect health inequities?

its created based on the idea that a specific racial groups are biologically or culturally superior to other groups and this drives unequal contexts

define and give an example of structural sexism

- where policies and institutions uphold the patriarchal idea that men are superior to women

- ex: in male dominated fields such as law; women are often not taken serious and their capabilities are questioned

stress vigilance vs. proliferation

- vigilance: anticipation/worry stress that comes with being a part of a marginalized group

- proliferation: one stress event leads to a series of stressful events

what is weathering?

- the stress caused by racism, causing poor health

social vs. physical environment

- social: includes norms, social connections, trust and safety in work or school

- physical: built features of neighborhood

what can be done to minimize stigma in healthcare and other professional areas?

- adressing issues at the root instead of using only punitive approaches

- make sure the right resources are available, especially to communities that are in need

guest speaker Dr. Victor Rios emphasized a "soft vs. hard handed" punitive measures. explain and describe an example of what this would look like.

- soft handed: a police officer approaching someone with tranquility, non=aggressive approach

- hard handed: you can tell police officer has aggressive approach, not patient, goal seems to just be arresting someone

how is politics a part of our everyday lives?

- we constantly see symbols/flags

- people have public debates

- we have consistent elections

- we see politics involved in protest movements (think of everything you see at UCSB as an example)

define political sociology. what does it ask?

- study of the state and its policies along with the people that are affected by it

- "how do people make states?" "how do people influence the states?" "how do states make laws and policies?"

- tries to understand the relationship between gov. and distribution of power

what are welfare states? provide an example.

- states that use a large part of their budget for social services

- most, if not all, of the states in the U.S using their budget for retirement benefits and healthcare

what does it mean to "monopolize legitimate use of violence"?

- it is a core feature of a state where violence is seen as "OK" or "valid"

- ex: police officers are often not tried or in trial because their jobs may require them to be aggressive and can freely use their means

what theory says that there a state balances competing interests?

pluralist theory

what is a bureaucracy?

- where a state is rational, rule-based, and has a monopoly of violence

what are the two sides of state power?

- enforcement:

*military, criminal legal system, taxation

- provision:

*"welfare" = health, education, retirement

*infrastructure

even though the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments ensured voting rights for all races, what kind of factors still prevented African Americans from voting?

- poll tax (paying to vote)

- grandfather clause (you could only vote if your grandfather could vote)

- literacy test (you had to read well)

what does contemporary disenfranchisement mean?

- you lose voting rights

- ex: people convicted of crimes lose their voting rights

what are social movements? why are they beneficial?

- collective acts/protests organized by a group of people interested in changing certain policies/laws and address forms of social oppression

- they expose injustice and can possibly change status quo

in what manner are social movements successful?

1. resource mobilization = ability to acquire and correctly use resources

2. political opportunity structure = when political opportunities emerge (usually a political change)

3. framing issues that can resonate with potential public support

what are test cases, lobbying, marches and rallying, direct actions and strikes all an example of?

social movement

what are grassroots? what are some examples?

- structure where control of a social movement is local, and members don't answer to central leadership

- civil rights movement, east german peace movement

define nationalism and provide an example.

- Belief that governments should put national interests first by closing borders and waging trade wars

- xenophobia, maybe? -----the way many americans want immigrants to go back to their home country

abstract vs. real economy

- real = includes social groups and material sources

- abstract = includes socially constructed values created by economists

what kind of questions are asked in economic sociology?

1. why are some countries more wealthier than other?

2. how should countries promote economic development?

3. what are the effects of GDP on social inequality and the environment?

Economic sociology studies the social and ________ dimensions of economic _________.

institutional, behavior

what are gender typed jobs?

- jobs percieved to be more appropriate for either men or women but not both

T/F: Economics can't be separated from the larger society.

true

what is private property?

- People and businesses individually own land, factories, and resources, usually ensured by the government

define market competition:

- where businesses compete with each other to sell good

- this helps set a price for items

define "monopoly"

- small number of big companies focus on profits over workers and consumers

- leads to focus on wealth and limits free-market competition

what kind of approach did Adam Smith have towards markets?

- was optimistic, believed it brought people and nations together through trade

- creates division of labor that met everyone's needs

why did Karl Marx critique Adam Smith and his claims?

- marx believed economy was forced on people through violence (because market exploits workers and takes land)

- exploitation made economy unstable

- argued that pursuit of profit meant that businesses will always mistreat workers

what does financialization mean?

- increasing wealth by means of collecting and managing money

- ex: investing in stock markets

to be financialized means:

when something is generated from banks, mutual funds and investments

what is an open system?

an organization with loose boundaries that allow people and ideas to come and go

formal vs. informal institutions

- formal: Institutions governed by official laws and written policies about what they are allowed to do.

- informal: Institutions guided by unwritten rules about what is expected.

in terms of environmental sociology, what does it mean for us to have a "conjoint constitution"?

society affects the quality of the natural environment, and environmental change (both environmental degradation and protection) also has a clear effect on the quality and scope of society

what was environmental sociology a response to? what are some examples?

- response to environmental crisis

- ex: oil spills, water pollution, etc.,

what is the most known critical perspective theory

treadmill of production: suggests that any society is driven by economic expansion is stuck in a conflict with nature

what are some examples of optimistic perspectives?

- ecological modernization: argues that the dynamic nature of capitalism allows economic growth to be directed towards environmental reform

- reflexive modernization: risk gets spread, resulting inleading of more social movements

- world society: focuses on spread of international NGO's, international treaties, etc

- environmental state: governments begin to take on environmental protections as normal government responsibility

what is the ecologically unequal exchange?

the idea that international trade results in an unfair distribution of resources

what are frontline communities? typically, what kind of people make up these communities?

- they are communities that experience environmental pollution and harm first and usually more severely

- African American, Hispanic/Latinos tend to make up most of these communities

discuss the implications of the "tragedy of the commons"

- tragedy of the commons refers to the concept that the most common resources are basically taken for granted because, since they are openly available to everyone, people can act selfishly and not leave anything viable for those after them