Chapter 4: Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Based of Language and Speech

Nature

What we were born with

Nurture

Environment you are around and the people

Neurological development

Importance for nature and nurture, brain has all neurons by 6 months, development proceeds with most basic to high level functions

Early cognitive development includes

Sensation, perception, cognition and language, and motor

Early cognitive development: Sensation

Sensory system functioning at birth (seeing, hearing, touch, taste, smell), touch is earliest to develop, neonates most attentive to mild stimulation, by 2 months babies can attend, and babies experience habituation to familiar stimuli

Early cognitive development: Perception-Auditory

Newborns can discriminate durations, loudness, phonemes, and consonants. Babies learn prosodic features, syallable structure and phonotactic organization of native language. By 7-8 months, children can discriminate imitation patterns and store words. By 8-10 months, it’s an important period of network building and growth…..babies brains taking data.

Early cognitive development: Perception-Visual

Perceive human face, soon recognize moms face and expressions, can respond to a smile, and recall imagine with presentation of stimuli

Cognition- brain structure

Neurons aren’t distributed randomly (some clustered densely, some not), early on brain structure is similar across people, changes in response to stimulation

Plasticity

Ability of the brain to reorganize

Cognition

Critical or sensitive periods, experience matters

Schemes

Cognitive structures used to process incoming information, organize

Mental map

Complex web of linked information

What needs to happen in order for language to be learned?

Organization, memory, and equilibrium

Learning- rehearsal

Repeated exposure

Learning- integrative rehearsal

Rehearse that you are integrating as you do it….ex: reading on topic before the lecture

Speech perception

Infants perceive and can discriminate pitch, duration, and loudness levels. Can also identify phonotactic probabilities

Motor control

Neonates-reflexive movements/sounds

2 months old-quasi resonant nuclei (cooing, not full vowel sounds, very effort-full)

4 months old- sustained laughter, more control over articulations

5 months- full resonant nuclei (oo, ah sounds)

6 months- babbling, pout, lips closed when chewing, increased tongue control

8-9 months- echolaia (repetition), jargon, understand some words and actions

Two types of babbling

Reduplicating and Verigated

Roles of caregiver techniques: phasing

Parents monitor to know when to interact with child

Roles of caregiver techniques: Adaptive

Talking slower, repeating, and analyzing behavior

Roles of caregiver techniques: Facilitative

Make everything accessible for the child

Roles of caregiver techniques: Elaborative

Talking about what the baby is doing and building on it

Roles of caregiver techniques: Initiating

Directing kids attention…ex: pointing

Roles of caregiver techniques: Control

Telling child what to do