CHEM FINAL

What are mixtures?

Physical combination of 2 or more substances in variable amounts 

What are Molecules?

2 or more atoms chemically bonded together

What are atoms?

The smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element 

What are allotropes?

2 or more forms of the same element that differs in their chemical structure and therefore there properties. 

Allotrope exaples?

O: Oxygen atom
O2: Oxygen molecule 
O3: Ozone

How are mixtures seperated?

By physical means 

How are compounds seperated? 

Chemical methods 

How is the periodic table arranged?

The periodic table is arranged through Columns/groups and Rows/periods.

Which elements have similar chemical properties 

Coulmns/Groups

Diatomic element

Atoms are the same

Compound

If atoms are different

Metals

Solid; Good conductors of heat and electricity

Non-Metals

Can be in any state; Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Metalloids

Between Metals and Nonmetals; Semiconductors 

What is a graphite Allotrope

Carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure

Dimond Allotrope

Carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other in a lattice structure

Carbon nanotubes

Arranged in a tube structure

Air is a _____ mixture of gases

Homogenous

Heterogeneous

is a type of mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout. The different components of the mixture remain separate and can often be seen or easily distinguished

Heterogeneous examples

Sand, Water, Salad

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Mixtures with a uniform composition throughout. The individual components are evenly distributed and not distinguishable.

Homogenous examples

Saltwater, air, vinegar

What is the EPA?

develops and enforces regulations as well as offer financial assistance, research, environmental education and publish their findings to the public. 

What is the AQI Index

  AQI maps show criteria air pollutants, O3 and PM

What is a secondary pollutant?

A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted, it forms when other primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. 

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

 if there is not enough oxygen present it is an incomplete combustion.  Complete combustion is a chemical reaction in which a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide

What are the properties of Radon

Radon is a gas that is colorless, orderless and tasteless

What is the matter that has definete shape and size

solids

What changes volume when they are poured?

liquids

An elements atomic number is always a 

Integer

In the periodic table groups of elements are arranged 

Vertically

The atomic number of an atom is the number of _____ in the atoms nucleus

Protons

which gas remains in the same amount in inhaled and exhaled air?

Argon

What does a catalytic converter do?

Convert nitrogen oxides into nitrogen gas and oxygen gas

Which elements would you expect to have similar chemical properties in the periodic table?

The elements that exist in the same groups

The amount of particular has is higher in the exhaled air compared to its inhaled air which gas is it?

Carbon Dioxide

How are primary pollutants different from secondary?

Primary pollutants are emitted directly from the source, whereas secondary pollutants
are formed when other primary pollutants react in the atmosphere

Many policies, organizations, agencies, and systems have been developed to help and
monitor air quality in the United States. Among these legislations, which one talks about
establishing air quality standards?

Clean air act

Frequency

Number of wave cycles

Wavelength

Distance Wave travels in one cycle

Amplitude

Height of Crest

What are elements

They are the basic building blocks of all matter and are composed of only one type of atom.

How do we classify matter?

Based on the physical and chemical properties 

What is the composition of air?

78% Nitrogen; 21% Oxygen; 1% other 

What is Nonrenewable energy? 

Energy that cannot be replenished on a human timescale 

What is renewable energy?

Energy that can be naturally replenished within a short period of time 

What are compounds

substances formed when two or more elements chemically combine in fixed proportions.

What is Green Chemistry?

It seeks to minimize the environmental and health impacts of chemical production 

Light consists of what?

Electromagnetic waves

Photons

light particles that contain energy

Wave particle duality

Light can behave like a wave and a particle

Absorption

Energy is added to and electron as it jumps from a lower energy level to a higher one

Emmission

Energy released when an election falls from a higher energy level to a lower one

IR rays

Make molecules move, rotate, vibrate

UV rays

Have enough energy to break bonds

Montreal protocol

Treaty for phasing out the productions of CFCs

UV light has____ than the visible light

Higher

Does the chapman cycle keep the concentration of O2 and O3 constant in the atmosphere

Yes

What light has the longest wave

Radio wave

What type of photon will have the highest energy

X-ray photon

Is the ozone in the troposphere (bad, criteria air pollutant) chemically different from the ozone in the stratosphere (good, protective layer)

No

What were the goals of the Montreal protocol

Reduce and eliminate the use of CFCs

Reduce ozone in the stratosphere

What are the electrons in the outermost energy levels called?

Valence electrons

Ionic binding

Losing/gaining electrons

Covalent bonding

Sharing electrons

Chemical bond

When electrons are transferred or shared

Covalent compound

Electrons are shared between atoms

Ionic compounds

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Isotopic mass

Mass of a specific isotope of the element

Average atomic mass

Weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element

Cations

positive and formed by loss of electrons

Anions

Negative and formed by gain of electrons

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

a measure of how much heat a gas traps in the atmosphere up to a specific time horizon, relative to carbon dioxide.

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which

 

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth

Much methane from anaerobic decomposition is trapped under permafrost.  What will happen as the global temperatures rise?

 

Methane levels in the atmosphere will increase.

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights?

 

Clouds are composed of water vapor and H₂O is a strong greenhouse gas.

If the greenhouse effect traps about 80% of the IR radiation, how much does the enhanced greenhouse effect trap?

More than 80%

A common analogy used to talk about the greenhouse effect is that it is like putting a blanket on when you’re cold - it holds the radiated heat near your body.

How would you explain the enhanced greenhouse effect using the same analogy?

putting on more blankets

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between O₂/O₃ molecules and frequency of light?

 

Higher frequency light is required to break O₂ molecules apart because the bond is stronger.

What international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?  

 

Kyoto Protocol

Ocean acidification can significantly affect marine life. Which statement about ocean acidification is TRUE?

When CO₂ dissolves in ocean waters, it forms carbonic acid that will lower the pH of the water.

The frequency of light is

 

directly proportional to its energy.

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it

 

absorbs some UV radiation.

Which international treaty was designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production
of numerous substances responsible for ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol

What effect does chlorine radicals have on the ozone layer?

Chlorine radicals decrease the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere

Which UV radiation of the UV radiation spectrum has the highest energy

UV-C

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

nitrogen

Ocean acidification can significantly affect marine life. Which statement about ocean acidification
is TRUE?

When CO2 dissolves in ocean waters, it forms carbonic acid that will lower the pH of the
water

What was the IPCC's recommendation about the rise in global temperature?

To limit our rise in average global temperature to ~1.5°C.

Which of the following will contain the most heat?

A bucket filled with water at 0 c

An exothermic reaction

 

gives out energy to the environment.

Burning a piece of wood is an exothermic process. Which of the following events doesn’t take place in this exothermic process?

Heat is absorbed

It requires absorption of 334 Joules of energy to melt one gram of ice. What type of process is this?

Endothermic

Our modern power plants operate through a series of events. Which of the following events doesn’t happen in the modern power plant?

 

Light energy of the sun is converted into kinetic energy.

Why don't modern fossil fuel power plants operate at 100% efficiency?

 

It is impossible to operate at 100% efficiency as unorganized energy is transformed to organized energy.

intermolecular forces

bonds holding molecules together in solid/liquid
phase) are broken in vaporization

Biodiesel

fuel is made from natural, renewable sources

Bioethanol

is renewable, but more expensive than gasoline.

Geothermal

heat from the core of the Earth