ApBio-Unit 6 pt 2

Protein synthesis, transcription, translation

the purpose of ______ is for expressing genes in the format of proteins, includes ___ and _____

transcription, cytoplasm, nucleus

___ is the synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA

• produces mRNA in prokaryotes and pre mRNA in eukaryotes

• takes place in ____ for prokaryotes and ____ for eukaryotes

translation, ribosomes, cytoplasm

____ is the synthesis of a polypeptide, occurs under direction of mRNA

• the site is at the _____ which are in the _____ for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes, cytoplasm

DNA→mRNA→Proteins

Protein synthesis in (prokaryotes/eukaryotes) occurs in the _____

eukaryotes, nucleus, cytoplasm

DNA→pre mRNA→mRNA→Proteins

• protein synthesis in (prokaryotes/eukaryotes) occurs in the _____ and ____

triplet code

series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words

• smallest unit of uniform length that can code for all AA

template strand, 5’ to 3’, codon, anticodon

____provides template for order of nucleotides in RNA transcript

• mRNA base triplets (codons) read from ____

• ____ specifies the AA to be places in corresponding positions along the polypeptide

• ____ is complimentary to codons on mRNA

Central Dogma

a theory that genetic info only flows in one direction

• DNA[gene]→mRNA→Proteins[trait]

eukaryotes, nucleus, prokaryotes, disposable

mRNA is used in ___ to leave the ____ bcs DNA cannot leave it normally

In ____ it is used bcs it is ____ if their is an error bcs damage in mRNA > damage to DNA

initiation, TATA box, RNA Poly II, promoter, ribosomal, mRNA, transfer

Step 1 Transcription ____:

• GTFs recognize and bind to the ____of an active gene allowing ______ to bind to the ____

• RNA polymerases have the same properties as DNA polymerases and all act as Helicase

• RNA Poly I: rRNA(_____), RNA Poly II:___, RNA Poly III: tRNA(____)

elongation, RNA Poly II, RNA, template strand, 5’ to 3’, 3’ to 5’

Transcription step 2 ______:

• ______ unzip/separates the 2 strands of DNA and attatches ___ nucleotides to the 3’ to 5’ strand (_____)

• mRNA is made and read from ____

• the template strand is read from ____

termination, RNA Poly II, terminator, RNA editing

transcription step 3 _____:

• _____ reaches the _____. the pre-mRNA terminator releases the RNA Poly II and Pre mRNA

• the RNA Poly II will then find a promoter with GTFs and the Pre-mRNA goes through _____

overview, intron, exon

RNA Editing Step 1 _____:

• _____: non coding sequence, evolutionary trait to protect against mutations

• _____: coding sequence

spliceosome, proteins, snRNPs, catalyzes, introns, exons, snRNPs

RNA Editing Step 2:

• _____ attach btwn the introns and exons to break the bonds connecting them, it is made up of _____ and _____. It ____ the process of removing _____ and joining ______.

• _____ section of the spliceosome identifies the introns and exons. The are small nuclear Ribonucleoproteins.

exons, methyl cap, Poly A Tail, translation initiation, export, energy, nucleus, stability, degredation, exonucleus

RNA Editing Step 3:

• all introns are removed leaving only ____. There are caps added to the DNA the _____ at 5’ and the ____ at 3’. This creates the mRNA

• The 5’ methyl cap aids with ________, with the Ribosome and ____. It also provides _____

• the Poly A Tail at 3’ aids with export outside the ____ and the ____ of mRNA

• The caps protect the mRNA form ____ by the immune system and exonucleus (mostly poly-a-tail_

• the ____ breaks down enzymes

Alternative splicing, exons, proteins, pleitropy

part of RNA editing step 3 _____: spliceosome can cut some ____ from the final mRNA which results in different _____

• 1 gene→multiple mRNA→multiple proteins/traits

• ex of _____

remove introns

the purpose of RNA Editing is to ______

initiation, nucleus, small, anticodon, codon, large, 5’ to 3’

Translation Step 1 ______:

• The mRNA exits the ____, the ___ unit attached to it and finds the start codon

• the starting codon is brought by a tRNA and carries the first tRNA, Met

• _____ from tRNA compliments ____ from mRNA

• The ____ unit of the ribosome reads the mRNA from ______ with three sites

codon

a three nucleotide sequence that codes for a single AA

anticodon

three letter nucleotide sequence that carries the AA coded by a codon

A site, P site, E site

the large unit of the ribosome has three sites

• ____: new codon is read for a new tRNA with the next AA

• ____: the current tRNA holds the growing polypeptide

• ____: tRNA with no AA exits the ribosome

Elongation, A site, anticodon, codon, p site, polypeptide, a site, peptide bond, ribosome, exits

Translation Step 2 ____:

• as the ribosome reads the next codon in the ____, the corresponding tRNA enters the ribosome and its ____ compliments the mRNAs ___.

• the tRNA in the ____ transfers its growing ____ to the AA in the ___ by making a ____.

• the tRNA in the E site already transferred its AA after the last movement of the ____ and ___ the complex

peptide bond, dehydration synthesis

a _____ links amino acids, it is made by ______

termination, stop codon, release factor, a site, GTP, ribosome, polypeptide, mRNA, reused or broken down

Translation Step 3 _____:

• eventually the ribosome will reach the ____ in the mRNA

• the _____ attatches to the ___ with a ____ and triggers the termination of protein synthesis

• Outcomes: ___: finds another mRNA, ____:performs its intended function, ___:it can either be __________ into nucleotides back to the nucleus. it depends on the need of the protein by the cell/organism

stop codon

codon that codes for a release factor, not an AA

• UAG/UAA/UGA

Mutations, neutral, negative, positive

____ are random changes in the genetic material of a cell that could cause a change in the protein expression

• there are three outcomes:

• ____: the change in genetic material makes same protein

• ____: the change causes protein to not function or have harmful effects of cell

• ____: the change causes protein to have better or new function for cell

chromosomal mutation

a chromosome is added/removed, always results in disorders/death

Gene/point mutation, base pair substitution, frameshift

___________ is a change on one nucleotide base pair of a gene, occurs when a single base pair is changed, added, or deleted.

• _____ replaces one base pair with another

• _____ the mRNA ends up having more or less nucleotide base pairs and produces no functional proteins

missense, nonsense, silent

Base Pair substitutions outsomes

• ____: the change causes it to code for a different AA

• ____: the change causes it to code for a stop codon

• ____: the change causes no change in the AA

frameshift mutation

caused by insertion and deletion

spontaneously, DNA Poly, mutagens, variation, genetic makeup

Causes of Mutations

• they can occur _____, or _____ can make a mistake

• it can be cause by ____ in the enviorment

• can introduce ____to a population, passing it on leads to a change in ______ overtime (evolution)

Mutagen

____ is any agent that changes the DNA of an organism

• Ex: chemicals and radiation (UV light, x rays) can damage DNA

body cells

a mutation in _____ cannot be passed on

sex cells

a mutation in ____ can be passed on

gene regulation in eukaryotes

______: the process in which a cell controlls which genes are expressed. leads to each cell type having different sets of active genes and different patterns of gene expression. leads cell to have specialized functions. has many steps that can be regulated

chromatin accessibility, transcription, RNA editing

Gene regulation

• _____: DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation

  _____: Sets of transcription factors (GTFs) bind to gene’s promoers and start transcription of into pre-mRNA

• _____ Processing/____: splicing, capping, and addition of a Poly A-Tail to an RNA can be regulated, different mRNAs may be form the same pre-mRNA by alternative splicing

Histone acetylation, positvely, negatively, acetyl, reduced, less, higher, more, lower

______alters accessibility of chromatic and allows transcription factors to interact with the exposed sites to activate gene transcription

• histones are ___ charged, acetyl groups and DNA are ___ charged

• when ____ groups are added to segments of a histone, the attraction between the DNA is ____.

• histones WITH acetyl groups, ___ interaction btwn histones and DNA, ____ rate of transciption.

• histones WITH NO Acetyle groups, _____ interaction btwn histones and DNA, ____ rate of transcription.

• Negative Effects; lower histones acetylation related to neurodegeneration and epithelial cancers