Labs 10 and 11

The fluid generated by the renal corpuscle that is similar to blood plasma's osmotic pressure and composition, but doesn’t contain plasma proteins is __________.

filtrate

What renal segment functions to generate ~180L/day of fluid similar in composition to protein-free blood plasma?

renal corpuscle

Metabolic processes produce nitrogenous waste products that are eliminated in urine. Which nitrogenous waste is the most abundant in urine?

urea

Which of the following substances should not be detected in the urine of a healthy individual?

protein

Which of the following should not be detected in glomerular filtrate?

proteins and lipids

The pressure exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container is ___________ pressure.

hydrostatic

The pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that cannot move across a capillary wall is called ___________ pressure.

colloid osmotic

True or False? The afferent arteriole bringing blood to the glomerulus is narrower than the efferent arteriole.

False

The average pressure in the systemic arteries over a complete cardiac cycle is the _____________ pressure.

 

mean arterial

Blood is sieved through three layers of the glomerular filtration membrane producing a protein-free fluid using a process called _______________.

filtration

Which of the following would not pass through fenestrated glomerular epithelium?

 

formed elements

The fluid in the renal corpuscle’s capsular space exerts a force called ______________.

 

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

The pressure exerted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries, which forces water and solutes through the filtration membrane is ____________.

 

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

The pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma, which draws water back into the glomerular capillaries from the filtrate is ____________.

 

glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP, also known as BCOP)

Hypertension exposes the glomerular filtration membrane to increased force. Which force would be affected by hypertension?

 

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Hypertension exposes the filtration membrane to increased force and increases the glomeular hydrostatic pressure from 55 to 65 mmHg. What will happen to the glomerular filtration rate?

 

it will increase

Liver disease hinders the liver's ability to make plasma proteins such as albumin. Which force would be affected?

 

glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP also known as BCOP)

Liver disease hinders the liver's ability to make plasma proteins such as albumin. GOP (BCOP) drops from 30 mmHg to 25 mmHg. What will happen to the glomerular filtration rate?

 

it will increase

Urinary tract obstructions may occur along any part of the urinary tract. These blockages cause urine to back up in the kidneys. Which force would be affected by urinary tract obstruction?

 

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Urinary tract obstructions may occur along any part of the urinary tract. These blockages cause urine to back up in the kidneys. Capsular hydrostatic pressure increased from 15 mmHg to 20 mmHg. What will happen to the glomerular filtration rate?

 

it will decrease

The amount of filtrate produced by the glomerulus in one minute is the ____________.

 

glomerular filtration rate

A direct intrinsic control mechanism called myogenic control modifies glomerular filtration rate by vasodilating or vasoconstricting the _______________.

 

afferent arteriole

True or False? Two intrinsic control mechanisms to maintain glomerular filtration rate are myogenic control and tubuloglomerular feedback.

True

When intrinsic controls cannot maintain a normal glomerular filtration rate, extrinsic controls take over to remediate the situation so renal failure doesn’t occur. Which of the following are extrinsic controls?

 

the sympathetic system and RAAS

Jordan goes out for a morning run. His mean arteriole pressure increases to 115 mmHg, thus increasing his glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Would vasodilation or vasoconstriction of his afferent arteriole bring his GFR to normal?

vasoconstriction

While Jordan is reading the Sunday paper, the dog starts barking. Jordan goes to investigate. His mean arterial pressure increases to 88 mmHg. His glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases slightly. Would vasodilation or vasoconstriction of his afferent arteriole bring his GFR to normal?

vasoconstriction

Jordan is napping with his son. His mean arterial pressure decreases to 80 mmHg. His glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases too. Would vasodilation or vasoconstriction of his afferent arteriole bring his GFR to normal?

vasodilation

Jordan is experiencing chest pain. His mean arterial pressure plummets to 70 mmHg. causing a major decrease in his glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In this emergency situation, would the afferent arteriole vasodilate, vasoconstrict, or would neither occur? 

vasoconstriction

In the juxtaglomerular complex, what cells monitor and respond to changes in the NaCl concentration in the renal filtrate?

 

macula densa cells

The renal corpuscle consists of two parts, the glomerular capillaries and what?

 

the glomerular capsule

Glomerular filtration is a process of bulk flow driven by what?

 

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Lower than normal NaCl concentration in the ascending limb of the nephron will cause the afferent arterioles to __________.

vasodilate

Glucose is reabsorbed by ______________ in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the PCT.

 

secondary active transport

In the PCT, the apical membrane of epithelial cells cotransport sodium and glucose. Since they are moving in the same direction, this cotransporter is a/n _____________.

symporter

In the PCT, glucose leaves the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell by _______________.

 

facilitated diffusion

When blood sugar levels are high, excess glucose is excreted in the urine. This is known as ____________.

glycosuria

Which transport pathway involves the transport of a solute across both the apical and basolateral membranes of a tubular epithelial cell?

 

transcellular transport

Which transport pathway involves transport of a solute between the cells of the renal tubule?

 

paracellular transport

Which answer describes tubular secretion?

 

it disposes of toxins, drugs and metabolic wastes

Which answer describes the process of tubular reabsorption?

 

it reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood

During osmosis, water moves toward________.

 

the highest solute concentration

The following items have what in common? Water, nutrient molecules such as glucose, and specific ions.

 

they get reabsorbed from the PCT filtrate

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via secondary active transport. This transport would decrease if which change took place?

 

the number of sodium-potassium ATPases in the basolateral membrane decreases

Which hormone causes an increase in urine volume and urine sodium content?

ANP

Which two hormones promote facultative water reabsorption (water follows solute)?

 

aldosterone and ADH

A decrease in blood volume and an increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity leads to the formation of what?

 

a small volume of concentrated urine

Molly produces copious, dilute urine on an ongoing basis and is severely dehydrated. This could be due to which condition?

 

absence of ADH

What is the function of aldosterone?

 

stimulates the reabsorption of sodium

What would be the effect of inhibiting aldosterone?

 

all of these are effects of inhibiting aldosterone

How would inhibiting aldosterone affect blood volume and urine volume (assume ADH is present)?

 

urine volume would increase and blood volume would decrease

Why would inhibiting aldosterone help to control high blood pressure?

 

sodium and water remain in the filtrate, increasing urine volume and decreasing blood volume.

The majority of reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate takes place in which part of the renal tubule?

 

proximal tubule

During reabsorption, what causes water to move from renal tubules into the interstitial space around the peritubular capillaries?

 

sodium is transported from the tubule cell to the interstitial space, and water follows by osmosis.

Toxins, drugs, and metabolic wastes are cleared from the body by secretion into the filtrate. Which parts of the nephron could these items be secreted into?

 

any part of the nephron except the nephron loop

Glucose reabsorption utilizes transport proteins in the proximal convoluted tubule cells to move glucose into the blood. The maximum amount of glucose that can be transported when all of the transport proteins are full is known as what? Any remaining glucose will be excreted in the urine.

 

transport maximum

Some drugs and waste products do not pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus into the filtrate. How do the kidneys ensure that these waste products get excreted in urine?

 

by utilizing secretion

An individual is severely dehydrated. How would this affect their ADH release and the volume of their urine?

 

ADH release would increase and urine volume would decrease

What is the normal pH range of extracellular fluid?

 

pH 7.35-7.45

What effect does complete enzyme denaturation have on enzyme activity?

 

the enzyme will lose activity

What is the effect of increased plasma P_CO2 on pH?

 

pH decreases

What is the effect of decreased plasma P_CO2 on pH?

 

pH increases

When P_CO2 levels decrease, carbonic acid dissociates into CO₂ and water. What effect does this have on H+ ion concentration and plasma pH?

 

decreases H+ concentration which increases pH

When P_CO2 levels increase, carbonic acid forms. What effect does this have on H+ concentration and plasma pH?

 

increases H+ concentration which decreases pH

Hypercapnia resulting from cardiac arrest, or drowning victims causes a condition of ______________.

 

respiratory acidosis

Respiratory centers that have been desensitized by barbiturates or alcohol can result in a condition of _____________.

 

respiratory acidosis

Emphysema, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia can result in a condition of _____________.

 

respiratory acidosis

Describe the difference in P_CO2 levels between hypercapnia and hypocapnia.

 

hypercapnia is caused by an increase in PCO2 levels whereas hypocapnia is caused by a decrease in PCO2 levels

Hypocapnia caused by pain or severe anxiety results in a condition of _____________.

 

respiratory alkalosis

Glomerulonephritis can cause an acid-base imbalance called ____________.

 

metabolic acidosis

Prolonged vomiting can cause a state of ___________.

 

metabolic alkalosis

A temporary state of metabolic alkalosis results from a normal biological process called alkaline tide. When does alkaline tide occur?

 

when an individual is eating

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.55

CO₂ = 30 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 23 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

respiratory alkalosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.30

CO₂ = 47 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 25 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

respiratory acidosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.29

CO₂ = 37 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 20 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

metabolic acidosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.48

CO₂ = 42 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 28 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

metabolic alkalosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.2

CO₂ = 55 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 24 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

respiratory acidosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.85

CO₂ = 29 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 23 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

respiratory alkalosis

Hydrogen ion concentration and pH are directly proportional.

False

The normal pH range of the blood is slightly alkaline.

True

Chemicals that either take up or release hydrogen ions in a solution are called ___________.

buffers

Which of the following buffer systems plays a major role in acid-base balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

 

phosphate buffer system

Which of the following buffer systems plays a major role in acid-base balance of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

 

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The protein buffer system plays a role in maintaining acid-base balance in both intracellular and extracellular fluids.

True

What weak acid is a temporary intermediate involved with raising or lowering pH based on the amount of H+ in the blood?

 

carbonic acid

During the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system reactions, what occurs if there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood?

 

carbon dioxide reacts with water to make carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-

Carbon dioxide is a volatile acid which means that it can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

True

What are the two main organs that rid the body of excess carbon dioxide and H+?

 

lungs and kidneys

What will likely occur if blood pH falls below 6.8 or rises above 7.8?

death

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system can further compensate for pH during a respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis.

False

How do you think that generation of more bicarbonate by the kidneys would help remediate a metabolic acidosis?

 

the HCO3- would react with free H+ resulting in an increased pH

What type of acid-base imbalance occurs when a person has excessive diarrhea?

 

metabolic acidosis

What type of respiratory compensation would help remediate a metabolic alkalosis?

 

decrease the rate of respiration