Slavic 50 Final Study Guide (1)

which nations are slavs?

russia, belarus, ukraine, slovenia, croatia, bosnia and herzegovina, montenegro, serbia, bulgaria, macedonia, poland, czech, slovakia

east slavic?

russia, belarus, ukraine

west slavic?

poland, czech, slovakia

south slavic?

slovenia, croatia, bosnia and herzegovina, montenegro, serbia, macedonia, bulgaria

what was the moravian mission?

when saints cyril (constantine) and methodius went to moravia (near present day moravia in czech) to try and convert them to christianity... led to the creation of glagolitic (old church slavic)

which slavs write in latin?

poland, czech, slovakia, slovenia, bosnia, croatia

which slavs write in cyrillic?

russia, belarus, ukraine, serbia, macedonia, bulgaria

why do some slavs use latin and others use cyrillic?

based on which religion you were converted to basically... cyrillic = orthodox, latin = mainly catholic (bosnia was mainly islam)

who was rurik?

the viking founder of ancient rus (kiev rus'/ kievan rus) --> rurik dynasty

what was kiev rus'/ kievan rus?

the earliest, most east slavic state located in modern russia, ukraine, and belarus

when, how, by whom was kiev baptized?

988, vladimir was baptized first and then proceeded to baptize the whole state, vladimir the great (st. vladimir)

which slavs are historically orthodox? which are historically catholic?

russia, ukraine, belarus, montenegro, serbia, bulgaria, macedonia are orthodox,

while poland, czech, slovakia, slovenia, croatia are catholic

what is dual faith? what social group is most associated with dual faith?

syncretism aka the combination of different beliefs and cultures, peasants!

what does the phrase mongol-tatar yoke refer to?

the period when the mongol empire (golden horde) ruled over east europe / russian

when was the mongol tatar yoke?

1237 - 1480 when ivan the great of russia put an end to the mongol tatar yoke

how did the mongol-tatar yoke change the capital/most powerful city of medieval rus?

1223, it didn't exist anymore because the mongols D E S T R O Y E D it... they were forced to submit to the mongol rule

when did ivan the terrible rule? why was he named the "terrible"? what made him controversial?

1533-1584, first tsar of russia, acquired a lot of land through conquest, created oprichnina who went after the boyars, scary, ruled w an iron fist

what territories did ivan iv conquer? what memorials did he build?

ivan iii = all lands in rus, novgorod, ivan iv = khazan, bos, siberia, st. basils cathedral to commemorate gaining khazan

what period of russian history is called the "time of troubles"?

1598-1613 where there was a GR8 succession crisis, occupied by the polish-lithuanian commonwealth

why was the time of troubles troubled?

succession crisis, polish-lithuanian commonwealth was occupying it (first time since the mongols), famine

who was boris godunov?

first non-rurikid ruler of russia, a boyar, under him there were very poor harvests, starvation, frequent conspiracies, plaque, famine, riots, Polish and Lithuanian forces started to attack Russia, after his reign was the time of troubles

when did peter the great rule? what dynasty was he a part of?

1682-1725, romanov dynasty

what city did peter build? why? what kind of city was it? what did it represent?

st. petersburg, saw it as a new vision for russia, declared it the new russian capital (unseated moscow), for sea access to europe, symbol of westernization

what was the capital of the russian empire after peter?

st. petersburg

what is an empire as opposed to a nation?

empire is expansive (always trying to expand its borders) usually through military conquest, subjected to mainly a subject(s)-ruler relationship.

nation is modern, state (delimited, generally satisfied with its borders), sense of common identity and pride within the citizens

what major 3 empires did we talk about that were influential in eastern europe?

russian empire, austro-hungarian empire (habsburg) kind of like the successor to the holy roman empire, and ottoman empire

which slavic countries belonged to the russian empire, austo-hungarian empire, and ottoman empire?

ottoman - serbia, bosnia, bulgaria, montenegro

austrian - czech, croatia, hungary

who was catherine the great? when did she rule? what cultural developments or accomplishments are associated with her reign?

she was peter III (the great)'s wife, 1762-1796, hella increased the size of russia (added much of poland through the poland partitions) and make it recognized as one of europe's great powers, westernized russia, enlightenment(?)

who was charles iv?

czech holy roman emperor, made the capital of the holy roman empire prague, used czech as the language of the state

how many partitions of poland were there? between which countries or empires? with what result?

3 partitions between russia, prussia (modern germany), and austria, no more poland afterwards

who was alexander I?, when did he rule? what major even happened during his reign?

he was a russian tsar, ruled 1801-1825, the patriotic war of 1812 where russia vs the french (napoleon)... when the french invaded moscow, there were fires + the french starved/ cold so they retreated and eventually russia won

who were the decembrists? what did they believe in? what did they do?

they were a group of russians that didn't want nicholas I (alexander I's brother) to ascend the throne after constantine (nicholas and alexander's brother) rejected the throne, they had a Southern Society (British-style constitutional monarchy) and a Northern Society (abolish monarchy for a republic), they had an uprising but they failed, some were executed but most were exiled to serbia

when was the emancipation of the serfs in russia? Who was tsar?

1861, by alexander II (alexander the liberator)

what was the disagreement between the slavophiles and the westernizers? what did each side believe?

mid 19th century, they disagreed on how russian civilization should be like, the slavophiles believed russia is an autocracy superior to the west because it has orthodox christianity (moscow), westernizers believed russia was backwards and should adopt western technology/ culture (ex. rule of law, no serfdom) (st. petersburg)

when did wwI begin and why? where? what were the sides?

1914 because of archduke franz ferdinand's (of austria) assassination in sarajevo (bosnia). allied powers were france, britain, russia, serbia, montenegro, USA +

central powers were germany, austria-hungary, czechs, ottomans, bulgaria

what new countries were created at the end of wwI?

czechoslovakia, yugoslavia, poland

who was the last tsar of russia? what dynasty (family) was he from? what happened to him?

nikolai II aleksandrovich, romanov dynasty, 1917 the February revolution happened where people rioted in Petrograd and nikolai II was forced to resign

who was rasputin?

grigory rasputin: the "mad monk",

born 1869, assassinated 1916, main adviser to tsar nicholas and his wife II

when was the first 20th century russian revolution (before 1917)? did it succeed?

IDK

if you had to name 2/3 causes of the russian revolution(s) of 1917, what would you say?

Inefficient prosecution of WW1, Bad economy, Hunger

what and when was the february revolution? how did it change russia's government?

it was 1917, riot initially based on lack of bread led by lenin and the bolsheviks... led to the end of the russian empire --> russian republic

what and when was the october revolution? how did it change russia's government?

the bolsheviks stormed the winter palace (seat of the government) in petrograd and it led to the declaration of the russian soviet republic

who was vldimir illyich lenin? what was his party?

he was the leader of the bolsheviks (interpretation of marxism)

what 19th century german thinkers' ideas were most important for the russian revolution?

karl marx

what is the origin of the term "soviet"?

means "council"

who belongs to the proletariat? the bourgeoisie? the lumpenproletariat?

proletariat = working class who are forced to sell their labor to the bourgeoisie to survive, bourgeoisie = the ruling class whose capital increases through exploiting the proletariat, lumpenproletariat = social outcasts with no economically productive role

why was the soviet flag reg?

hammer = working class, sickle = peasants, red = historic color of the working class movement, blood of the workers

what happened in former russian empire from 1917-1922, right after the october revolution?

russian civil war: red army (bolsheviks and their supporters) vs the white armies (various, mostly russian imperial generals, with support from usa, britain, france, japan, czechoslovakia and others)

what kind of shape was russia in afterwards?

8 million dead, urban centers (especially petrograd) lose a lot of their population, economic devastation: agriculture drops by 63%, industry is only 20% of what it was in 1913, bolsheviks regain many, but not all, of the russian empire's territories, and reorganize them as soviet republics

what are "white armies" and the "red army"?

red army (bolsheviks and their supporters) vs the white armies (various, mostly russian imperial generals, with support from usa, britain, france, japan, czechoslovakia and others)

what was the capital of the soviet union?

moscow

what was war communism (1918-1921)?

the economic and political system that existed in soviet russia during the russian civil war from 1917 to 1922, enacted by the bolsheviks

what was NEP (1921-1928)? who introduced it?

lenin declares new economic policy. return of private enterprise, with some government control...mixed economy; "state capitalism"?

after lenin died in 1924, who replaced him as leader? who else might have, but didn't?

joseph stalin (general secretary of the communist party), but it could have been leon trotsky

what are some distinct features of stalin's ideas and rule?

belief that the USSR could build socialism in its own territory (doesn't need to spread through other countries), without a world revolution, 5 Year Plans, cult of personality, socialism in one country is necessary, ussr has a lot of ethnicity

what were the five year plans? what were they meant to do?

build state-owned heavy industry. basically building a bunch of factories (not capitalism)

what was collectivization? What does 'kolkhoz' mean? Who were kulaks and what happened to them?

take the peasants off their own land and put them on a common state-owned piece of land where the state is in charge of everything, Kolkhoz = collective farm, kulak = derogatory name for wealthier peasants (but any peasant that didn't go along with collectivization was called a kulak) --> de-kulakization: imprisoned, executed, deported to gulags/ distant parts of the ussr

What, and where, was the Holodomor?

famine in ukraine because of aggressive collectivization (police were sent to harvest the crops for the factory workers, leaving little food for people in ukraine to survive on)

When was the Great Terror, or Great Purges?

1937-1939, great purge of stalin's enemies, many of the old bolsheviks who took part in the revolution and trotskyists

What was the Gulag?

prison camps scattered all over the USSR of the purges by stalin, forced labor for "corrective" purposes and economic

How did Soviet family law change under Stalin in the 1930s?

Abortion outlawed and severely punished, Divorce made expensive and difficult, Law demands "strengthening and stabilizing of the family"

How would you define "socialist realism"?

Artists as "engineers of human souls" (Stalin), so artists have a role to play in building socialism... hero from spontaneous --> consciousness and Party member

What were the dates of World War II?

1939-1945

what were the sides in WWII?

The Allies - United Kingdom, Soviet Union, USA, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and many others

The Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan

Which people use the term "Great Patriotic War"? How do the dates of the "Great Patriotic War" differ from World War II as a whole, and why?

russians and other people who used to be part of the soviet union, 1941-1945 because the first part of WW2 (1939-1941) is excluded because ussr wasn't yet at war

What was the Munich Pact? Who calls it the "Munich Betrayal"? What year was it? Who did and didn't sign it?

1938, a settlement that permitted Germany's annexation (taking) of Sudetenland (parts of Czechoslovakia with lots of Germans), Signed by Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy —but not Czechoslovakia! ("Munich Betrayal")

What was the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact? When was it signed? What country did it most negatively impact?

Agreement between Stalin and Hitler not to fight, USSR and Nazi Germany carve up Poland, Serves a defensive function for USSR; also allows Stalin to expand into Poland, Hitler breaks the pact and invades the Soviet Union in 1941

What city is Leningrad? What happened in Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War?

st. petersburg --> petrograd --> leningrad, it was surrounded by the nazis who were trying to starve people to death (leningrad blockade!)

What happened in Stalingrad during the Great Patriotic War?

battle of stalingrad where the soviet union fought germany and it's allies

What was the Holocaust? Who perpetrated it, and against whom? Where did it primarily take place?

it was mass ethnic cleansing of jews perpetrated by the german nazis (hitler), it mainly took place in poland

can you make any general statements about the modern memory of WWII in ex-Soviet and Eastern European countries that we've studied? (Russia, Ukraine, Poland, or otherwise)

all feel victimization, national unity/ identy

russia: sees wwII as a power/ dominance symbol and militarism, ukraine: anti-russian justification for pro-nazi sentiments in some circles, russia = basically the ussr if ukraine is the nazis (neo-nazis), ukraine = also the ussr because ukraine was a part of the ussr in the past as well

poland: ban claims poland was responsible for holocaust, "western" question

What countries were in the "Soviet Bloc" or "Eastern Bloc"?

soviet union = one united big country whereas the soviet bloc was independent countries that were largely controlled by the russian communist party...East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,

Why did we only start talking about the Soviet Bloc after discussing WWII?

IDK

What does the term "people's democracies" refer to?

multi-party states (unlike the USSR, which was officially a one-party state)

What, and when, was the Prague Spring? Why did it end?

political liberalization and mass protest in Czechoslovakia as a Communist state after World War II, jan - aug 1968, it ended because the soviets invaded czechoslovakia to put down the reforms

what was Charter 77?

1976: Charter 77: a document that criticized the Czechoslovak government's human rights violations, heavily influences czechoslovak dissidents

Who was Václav Havel?

last president of czechoslovakia and then first president of the czech republic

What was Solidarity (Solidarność)?

1980: the first non-Communist-controlled labor union in the Warsaw Pact. grows from a trade union into a MASSIVE social movement... eventually becomes an independent political party that crushes communism

Who was Lech Walesa (Lech Wałȩsa)?

leader of solidairty

What currently existing countries were part of Yugoslavia? Which of these countries are primarily Orthodox? Catholic? Muslim?

slovenia, croatia, montenegro, macedonia, bosnia and herzegovina, orthodox = serbia and montenegro, catholic = croatia and slovenia, bosnia (bosniaks) and kosovo = muslim

Who was Josip Broz Tito?

Leader of Yugoslavia and the partisans from 1953-1980. Yugoslavia fell apart after his death.

Who were the Partisans? The Chetniks? The Ustashe?

Chetniks: Serbian royalists & nationalists, Ustaše: Croatian fascists, Partisans: Tito's Communist multi-ethnic guerilla fighters...fought against the Nazis

What was Yugoslavia's economic/political system?

socialist but not stalinist!! multiethnic "brotherhood and unity", geopolitical non-alignment, titoism, workers' self-management, p much pan-slavic

What made Yugoslavia unusual in Eastern Europe after WWII?

worker self-management... socialist consumer economy, law passed for all enterprises to have democratic, worker-elected management councils

What does "brotherhood and unity" (bratstvo i jedinstvo) refer to?

nationalism/ peace??

What decade did Yugoslavia collapse? What happened during this collapse? What violations of human rights did it lead to?

the 1990's, their countries started to succeed (ex. slovenia, croatia, serbs, bosnia, etc...) IDK

What are some reasons Communism rose in Eastern E urope? Why did it fall?

IDK people just started rebelling ?? ex charter 77 in czechoslovakia, solidarity in poland,

what was the Warsaw Pact? When was it signed? By whom? Why?

USSR, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania: all sign the Warsaw Pact mutual defense treaty in 1955

What were the Helsinki Accords? When were they signed? By whom? Why?

Finland, 1975

Signed by 35 countries on both Western and Eastern sides of the Cold War... would respect other countries' sovereignty, no use of force, no invasions, etc.

Non-binding

What was the Thaw? Who was leader of the USSR then?

the thaw was the period when repression and censorship was relaxed due to nikita krushchev's de-stalinization

What was Stagnation? Who was leader of the USSR then?

reforms introduced by krushchev were cancelled, repression, apathy, bad economy caused by leonid brezhnev who overthrew khrushchev

What was the dissident movement?

it was a loose alliance of individuals who challenged the soviet establishment, generally framed in terms of human rights, free speech

Who was the first (and last) President of the Soviet Union?

mikhail gorbachev

Who was Lech Walesa (Lech Wałȩsa)?

president of poland

What are glasnost and perestroika? Which decade were they? Which Soviet leader are they associated with?

glasnost = "openness", more freedom of speech and press

perestroika = "restructuring", political and economic liberalization, during 1980's-1990's by mikhail gorbachev

Which countries made up the Soviet Union? Can you name some that were: Slavic, In the Caucasus, In Central Asia, In the Baltic region (Baltic States)?

slavic = russia, ukraine, belarus

caucasus = azerbaijan, armenia, georgia,

central asia = kazakhstan, uzbekistan, turkmenistan

baltic region = estonia, latvia, lithuania

Review the literature we read, and movies we watched, over the second half of the semester. Be able to comment on some of it: the author/director/title, what country it's from, and what it's about.

IDK

where was nikolai gogol from? what did we read by them? what can you say about them or what they wrote?

russian from ukraine that wrote "the night before christmas", the work mixed pagan and orthodox elements (dual faith), ukrainian folktale for a "modern" russian audience

where was alexander pushkin from? what did we read by them? what can you say about them or what they wrote?

russian who wrote "the bronze horseman" (the one about the storm in st. petersburg and the storm kills his loved one but he blames the bronze horseman statue for it and the statue comes to life and kills him), he might be making fun of those who curse peter the great? idk

where was ivo andric from? what did we read by them? what can you say about them or what they wrote?

bosnian who wrote "the bridge on the drina" (building the bridge) depicts the impact of ottoman conquest of bosnia... multiethnic culture (converting / islam and orthodox living concurrently, blood tributes, etc)