VCE History Revolutions 2024 Unit 2 AOS 2: 'Challenge and Change' Arab-Israeli Conflict Evidence

What are the origins of Zionism?

Theodore Herzl convened the first Zionist Congress in Switzerland in 1897.

What did Theodore Herzl say?

‘Zionism strives to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law’

When did the Ottoman Empire fall and what did it signify?

It fell on the 1st of November 1922, marking the beginning of European colonialism in the Middle East.

What was the significance of World War 1 on the Arab/Israeli conflict?

It prompted the McMahon-Hussein Correspondance.

What was the McMahon-Hussein Correspondance, and when did it occur?

10 letters that were exchanged from July 1915 until March 1916 in which the United Kingdom agreed to allow Arab independence in exchange for launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

What is the quote from the McMahon-Hussein Correspondance?

‘Great Britain is prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sherif of Mecca.’

When was the Sykes-Picot Agreement made and what did it do?

It was signed on the 16th of May 1916, and was an agreement between the UK and France that determined the post-war partition of the Arabic land in the Middle East.

What was the quote from the Sykes-Picot agreement?

‘[France and Great Britain] shall be allowed to establish such direct and indirect administration or control as they require’

What was the Balfour Declaration and when was it made?

It was a statement of British support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, made on the 2nd of November 1917.

What was the quote from the Balfour Declaration?

The British government did ‘view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object’.

When did mass Jewish migration to Israel begin, and how many were living there by 1948?

Mass Jewish migration began in 1840, and there were 700,000 Jews in Palestine upon the creation of Israel.

When was Britain given the Palestinian mandate, and when did they give it up?

Britain received the mandate on the 22nd of July 1922, and handed the mandate to the UN in 1947.

How much of the former Palestinian Mandate did Israel receive?

56%

How many Jewish Germans migrated to Palestine at the beginning of the Holocaust?

Around 60,000.

When did the bombing of the King David Hotel occur, and how many people were killed?

The bombing occurred on the 22nd of July 1946, and 91 people were killed.

What was the King David Hotel?

The British Headquarters for Mandatory Palestine.

What was the British White Paper and when was it issued?

It was a policy paper stating the British objective of establishing an ‘independent Palestine state’. Issued in May 1939.

Who declared the state of Israel, and what did he say?

David Ben-Gurion, head of the Jewish agency, stating “we hereby declare the establishment of a Jewish state in the land of Isreal”

When did the First Arab/Israeli War start and end?

It began on the 15th of May 1948 and ended on the 10th of March 1949.

Who attacked Israel in the First Arab/Israeli War?

Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Egypt.

What were the casualties in the First Arab/Israeli War?

More than 6,000 Israelis, more than 10,000 Palestinian Arabs.

What was the result of the First Arab/Isreali War?

Up to 350,000 Palestinians were displaced, and Israel gained up to 20% more land.

On what dates did the Suez Crisis occur, and what was the outcome?

The Suez Crisis occurred from the 29th of October 1956 until the 7th of November 1956. Egypt emerged victorious, and Israel did not gain access to the Suez canal.

On what dates did the Yom Kippur War occur?

6th until the 25th October 1973.

In the Yom Kippur War, who struck first and what were the casualty numbers?

Egypt and Syria began the war, and there were more than 2,600 Israeli deaths and more than 15,000 Arabs.

What were the Camp David Accords and when were they signed?

An agreement between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachen Begin, establishing the framwork for a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Signed in September 1978.

What was the quote from the Camp David Accords?

Allowed for ’a self- governing authority’ to be ‘freely elected by the inhabitants of these areas to replace the existing military government’

What dates was the Lebanon War? What was the invasion of Lebanon called?

June until September 1982. Operation Peace for Galilee.

What was the cause of the Lebanon War, and what were the consequences?

It was caused due to the presence of the PLO in Lebanon, and resulted in the Siege of Beirut and the Sabra and Shatila massacres, in which up to 3,500 Palestinian refugees were killed. Under 700 Israelis were killed.

When was the First Intifada and what was it caused by?

Occurred from December 1987 until September 1993. Began when an Israeli truck driver hit a car carrying 4 Palestinian workers.

What were the casualty numbers for the First Intifada?

Around 160 Israelis and over 1,000 Palestinians.

What was the result of the Oslo Accords, and who did it involve?

The formation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO and the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.

When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?

November 1995.

What dates were the Second Intifada and what was the cause?

September 2000 until February 2005. It began when Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount.

What were the casualty numbers for the Second Intifada?

3,000 Palestinians, 1,000 Israelis.

What was the Hamas quote?

‘Its goal is to liberate Palestine and confront the Zionist project.’

What was the Genesis quote the Israelis believe in?

Genesis 15:18- “from the brook of Egypt to the Euphrates River”

How many Israeli settlements were there on Palestinian territory by 1977?

85

What dates was the Gaza blockade and what were the calorie limits imposed?

2007 until mid-2010, with a 2,300 calorie limit.

When did Israel begin the 6-Day-War?

5th of June 1967.

How did Israel begin the 6-Day-War?

It launched a pre-emptive airstrike that destroyed most of Palestine’s air bases on the ground.

How many deaths during the Siege of Beirut?

5,000 Lebanese civilians.

How many Israelis were living in occupied territory by 1981 and how much of the water did they control?

110,000 Israelis, 90% of the water.

How much land per person Israelis and Palestinians?

1 hectare Israelis, 0.1 hectares Palestinians.

How many Israeli settlements in occupied territory by 1992?

143.

How much money did Israel receive from the US after Camp David Accords?

$3 billion in economic and military aid.

When was Menachen Begin elected? What party?

May 1977 Israeli elections. The Likud.

When was the Munich Massacre?

5th of September 1972.

How many people were killed during the Munich Massacre?

11 Israelis and 1 German policeman.