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it was a necessary precondition of economic independence
what caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
earn little money and work hard
during a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would
to work hard on an endless array of jobs
a young woman entering domestic service could expect
of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant
until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
to regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
what was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?
they were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
what place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
while considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those of men
how were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?
social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavor
what was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?
rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system
wet-nursing practices included
high infant mortality rates
some scholars have argued that neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
had extremely high death rates
in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, foundling homes
the disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will
which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
a call for greater tenderness toward children
what did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize?
risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served
what was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?
schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
they were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
vegetables
in the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
the chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
as literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
as the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar
how did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
treating female medical difficulties
in addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?
the townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits
how did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
there was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor
why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
what was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
the growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
the growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
conquest of smallpox
what was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?
men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
how did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distributions?
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
the parish church
in the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?
power of the state over the church
the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
its importance in community life
in the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?
called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
the religious revival movement known as Pietism
officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
in the eighteenth century, what problems did the Church of England face?
he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
they copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people
how did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death
why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?
popular with the European masses
eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
a just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
it emphasized a warm and emotional religion
why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
Jansenism?(I put this and he marked it wrong and faith healing as right then changed his mind and put OK so idk)
what was the Catholic version of Pietism?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
one of the century's most influential works on child-reading was "Emile;" or "On Education" by
Note 
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