Mutations Contribution to Cancer

loss of E2F on probability of cancer

decrease, no E2F = proliferation blocked

loss of p53 on probability of cancer

increase, loss of checkpoint

loss of bcl-2 function on probability of cancer

decrease, leads to increased apoptosis, which promotes tumor progression.

gain of Ras on probability of cancer

increase, promotes cell proliferation

do drosophila development differ from mammals?

drosophila have a syncytium phase before cellarization allowing for all nuclei to be in a common cytoplasm. Mammals, who are cellularized, have to secrete receptors and molecules to achieve a morphogen gradient.

(C. elegans) LOF fem-3 results in:

hermaphrodite

(C. elegans) LOF xol-1 results in:

hermaphrodite

(C. elegans) LOF sdc-2 results in:

male

LOF tra results in (drosophila)

male

LOF dsx (drosophila)

intersex

LOF fem-2

hermaphrodite

LOF her-1

hermaphrodite

Dosage compensation in Drosophila and C. elegans is implemented after sex determination has
occurred in the developing embryo. Why must this be true?

Because dosage compensation mechanisms involve equalizing the gene expression levels of sex chromosomes in males and females, which requires the determination of genetic sex beforehand.

loss of one kinase

primary decrease, tertiary increase, prevent inhibition of transcription factors.

ras (GOF)

primary increase tertiary decrease, promotes kinase and inhibits transcription factors

CDK overexpression on probability of cancer

increases the likelihood of cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell division and disrupting normal cell cycle regulation.