Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Substance Use and Addictive Disorders, covering key vocabulary and concepts.

Substance Use Disorder

The diagnostic term for the prolonged use and abuse of a substance, specified by the substance (e.g., alcohol use disorder).

Substance Intoxication

A syndrome characterized by specific signs and symptoms resulting from recent ingestion or exposure to a substance.

Substance Withdrawal

A substance-specific syndrome that results from the abrupt cessation of heavy and prolonged use of a substance.

Behavioral Dependence

Emphasis is on substance-seeking activities and related evidence of pathologic use patterns.

Physical Dependence

Refers to the physical (physiologic) effects of multiple episodes of substance use.

Psychological Dependence (Habituation)

Characterized by a continuous or intermittent craving for the substance to avoid a dysphoric state.

Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more psychiatric disorders in a single patient at the same time.

Delirium Tremens (DTs)

The most severe form of alcohol withdrawal, also known as alcohol withdrawal delirium, is a state characterized by delirium, autonomic hyperactivity, perceptual disturbances, and fluctuating psychomotor activity.

Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia

A poorly studied, heterogeneous long-term cognitive problem that can develop in the course of alcoholism and is characterizied by patients having decreased intellectual functioning, cognitive abilities, and memory.

Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder

Is a disturbance in short-term memory caused by prolonged heavy use of alcohol and the classic names for this are Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome.

Wernicke Encephalopathy

An acute neurologic disorder characterized by ataxia (affecting the gait primarily), vestibular dysfunction, confusion, and a variety of ocular motility abnormalities.

Korsakoff Syndrome

The chronic amnestic syndrome that can follow Wernicke encephalopathy is characterized by impaired mental syndrome (especially recent memory) and anterograde amnesia in an alert and responsive patient.

Blackouts

Discrete episodes of anterograde amnesia that occur in association with alcohol intoxication. A person remembers relatively intact remote memory but experiences a specific short-term memory deficit.

Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder

Hallucinations or paranoid delusions in the context of heavy drinking or withdrawal.

Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder

A syndrome that results in many of the symptoms observed in major depressive disorder, but the intense sadness markedly improves within several days to 1 month of abstinence.

Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety symptoms that fulfill the diagnostic criteria are common in the context of acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal.

Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction associated with alcohol intoxication.

Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder

Sleep disorders induced by alcohol.

Alcohol Pellagra Encephalopathy

A diagnosis of potential interest to psychiatrists presented with a patient who appears to have Wernicke– Korsakoff syndrome but who does not respond to thiamine treatment.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The leading cause of intellectual disability in the United States occurs when mothers who drink alcohol expose fetuses to alcohol in utero. The alcohol inhibits intrauterine growth and postnatal development.

Addictive Behaviors

Do not change abruptly but through a series of stages. Experts propose five stages in this gradual process: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Cannabis Intoxication

Commonly heightens users’ sensitivities to external stimuli and subjectively slows the appreciation of time.

Cannabis Withdrawal

Cessation of use in daily cannabis users, that results in symptoms within 1 to 2 weeks of cessation.

Cannabis -Induced Psychotic Disorder

Genuine psychotic process as a result of florid psychosis which is somewhat commonplace in countries with long-term access to high potency cannabis.

Cannabis-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Very common during acute intoxication, and it induces short-lived anxiety states often provoked by paranoid thoughts.

Amotivational Syndrome

A controversial cannabis-related syndrome that results in a person’s unwillingness to persist in a task — be it at school, at work, or in any setting that requires prolonged attention or tenacity

Opioid Intoxication

Altered mood, psychomotor retardation, drowsiness, slurred speech, and impaired memory and attention in the presence of other indicators of recent opioid use which strongly suggest a diagnosis.

Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder

Rare, but clinicians can specify whether hallucinations or delusions are the predominant symptoms.

Opioid-Induced Mood Disorder

Can begin during opioid intoxication and the symptoms can have a manic, depressed, or mixed nature, depending on a person’s response to opioids.

Sedative, Hypnotic, Anxiolytic Use—Patterns of Abuse

These are oral or intravenous routes, and are used for either time-limited effect or regular intake.

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication

Blood toxicology is the best way to confirm the diagnosis.

Barbiturates – Theraputic and Toxic

A useful and effective sedation that are highly lethal. They are under the same federal legal controls as morphine.

Rehabilitation

For most patients, rehabilitation includes three major components that happen at a difficult time to help patients develop new day-to-day support systems and coping styles:

Stimulant – Amphetamine

Main drugs include Dextroamphetamine, Methamphetamine (crystal meth, speed) which are used to increase performance and to induce a euphoric feeling.

Stimulant – Cocaine

Is an alkaloid derived from the shrub Erythroxylum coca and can be used via Inhaling (snorting), Subcutaneous or intravenous injection, Smoking (freebasing).

Substituted Amphetamines

Substances that produce subjective effects resembling those of amphetamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and in that sense, MDMA and similar analogs may represent a distinct category of drugs.

“Bath Salts”

Synthetic cathinones (cathinone and cathine) that increase synaptic catecholamine (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) levels and are highly addictive.

Club Drugs

Generic term for drugs associated with dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties (raves).

Hallucinogens

Natural and synthetic substances that are variously called psychedelics or psychotomimetics with visual, auditory and tactile effects.

PCP and Ketamine

Unique behavioral effects by blocking NMDA-type receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate causing a variety of symptoms, which can range from anxiety to psychosis

Alcohol Related Tremors

Can be related to either a physiologic tremor, with a continuous tremor of high amplitude and of more than 8 Hz, or familial tremor, with bursts of tremor activity slower than 8 Hz.

Cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)

Is the component primarily responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Its effects are due to specific receptor for the cannabinols, especially on the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellum.

Rehabilitation and Detoxification Pharmacologic Treatments

Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial μ-opioid receptor agonist, κ-receptor antagonist, and ORL-1 agonist. It has poor bioavailability and is usually administered sublingually as a tablet or as a film.

Buprenorphine and Naloxone

Is to decrease the risk of abuse because naloxone has poor sublingual bioavailability, it exerts minimal effect when taking the preparation as prescribed.

Tobacco- Nicotine Use Effects

Stimulatory effects of nicotine produce improved attention, learning, reaction time, and problem-solving ability as well as lifts their mood, decreases tension, and lessens depressive feelings.

Tobacco- Pharmacotherapies- General

Nicotine replacement (gum) are for smokers who may prefer the use of a short period of maintenance for 6 to 12 weeks, often followed by a gradual reduction period of another 6 to 12 weeks.

Five A's

Most clinicians and smokers prefer abrupt cessation. 1. Ask 2. Advise 3. Assess: 4. Assist: 5. Arrange.

The ACE model

The combination of anonymity, convenience, and escape that promotes the internet as a focus of psychopathology.

Gambling Disorder

Often appears overconfident, somewhat abrasive, energetic, and free-spending as well as have the attitude that money is both the cause of and the solution.