Western Civilization I CLEP

Rome uses conquest as “defensive strategy”

Increasing population leading to shortage of land and Rome was sacked by Guals 390 B.C.E. (Celtic people from river Po) led to this strategy.

Legion

Roman military unit of 5,000 could outmaneuver phalanxes, thus Rome conquered their neighbors

King Pyrrhus of Eprius

Defended Greeks in southern Italy. Romans fought so hard against him that he said “If we win another battle against the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined” Pyrrhus victory where the victory is so expensive the victor cannot continue

First Punic War

Naval battle between Carthage and Rome, Rome won and got Sicily (264-241 B.C.E)

Second Punic War

Hannibal raids Italy for 15 years until the Battle of Zama where he was defeated by Scipio the Elder (202 B.C.E)

Third Punic War

Roman statesman Cato initiated, causing Carthage to be razed by Scipio the Younger

“moreover, Carthage must be destroyed.”

Cato the Elder would end all his speeches with this saying, leading to the destruction of Carthage

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Greatest prose writer, political, supporter of the Roman Republic, forced to retire by Julius Caesar and later executed for political reasons.

Roman Emperors that persecuted Christians

Nero, Diocletian, Decius and Marcus Aurelius

Council of Nicaea

Constantine convened, Jesus and God are equal, against Arianism (Jesus is lower than God) 325 C.E

Council of Ephesus

Jesus has two natures divine and human combined in one person, against Nestorianism (Jesus is divine and human and should be seen as two people) 431 C.E.

Council of Chalcedon

Against Monophysitism that thinks Jesus has only one nature (divine, not human) 451 C.E.

St Augustine of Hippo

Wrote “The City of God” in response to the sack of Rome in 410 C.E. Latin Doctor of the Church

St Ambrose of Milan

Challenged the power of the state by excommunication, Latin Doctor of the Church

St Jerome

Translated the Bible into Latin, Latin Doctor of the Church

Athanasius

Greek Doctor of the Church

Pope Gregory the Great

Latin Doctor of the Church

Basil the Great

Greek Doctor of the Church

John Chrysostom

Greek Doctor of the Church

Gregory of Nazianzus

Greek Doctor of the Church

Pope Stephen II

Needed help with the Lombards so crowned Pepin the Short as King of the Franks, Pepin conquered the Lombards and gave some of the land to Pope Stephen II, which founded the Papal States

Pope Leo III

Crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor

Carolingian Renaissance

Started by Charlemagne, promotes the Benedictine Rule, brought scholars to Aachen and it became a center for learning, promoted Latin as a common language and preserved Latin classics by copying

Venerable Bede

Wrote “History of the English Church and People” an important source of early history of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain

Western European invasions in the Ninth and Tenth centuries

Vikings, Scaracens (Muslims) and Magyars

Diocesan Structure

When the imperial Roman government broke down, the Church or “roman ecclesiastical structure ”stepped into more political roles, especially evident in papacy.

what did Pope Leo I do that showed the growing political power of popes

Persuaded Attila the Hun to not sack Rome, emphasizing the increasingly more political role of popes.

Pope Gregory I

Paid tribute to the Lombards to save Rome, fed the poor of Rome and maintained public works, promotes Benedictine monasticism and is a Latin Doctor of the Church

The Great Schism

1054, Pope Leo IX tries to extend papal jurisdiction Byzantine churches in southern Italy and is rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople: Michael Caerularius. Used the filioque clause to justify action.

St Benedict of Nursia

Created the Benedictine Rule, ideal balance between work, study, and prayer, focused on the life of the community

Peace of God

Protects non-combatants such as priests and peasants.

Truce of God

tries to limit the days on which combat could take place, such as Sundays and Easter.

Hanseatic League, or Hansa

Germanic league of naval merchants for protection against pirates. Dominated trade between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Cluniacs

Began in the monastery of Cluny, reformed the Church and papacy, attempt to free monasticism from lay control and revive strict use of Benedictine Rule

Pope John XII

Very sinful worldly pope, asked Otto I for help and appointed him Holy Roman Emperor in return

College of Cardinals

Churchmen did not like imperial interference in the Church (electing popes) and established the College of Cardinals to help elect popes. 1059 C.E.

Gregorian Reforms

enforced by Italian pope Gregory VII, enforced clerical celibacy, end sale of church offices (simony) and end lay interferences in the church.

Canons Regular

to enforce clerical celibacy, recommends diocesan priests live in communities rather than private homes following the Rule of St Augustine

Investiture Controversy

Holy Roman Emperors appointed bishops, Gregory VII demand that they stop. Emperor Henry IV try to depose Gregory VII, got excommunicated and stood in the snow three days to get absolved. Compromise with the Concordat of Worms 1122 C.E.

Roman Emperor Henry IV

Captured Rome to challenge and exile pope Gregory VII over the Investiture Controversy. 1084 C.E.

What did the Hohenstaufens do?

Frederick I Barbarossa tried to control the land south of the Alps, but Italian cities made the Lombard League to defend and defeated him at Legnano. (1176 C.E.) Frederick II succeeded but it only lasted during his lifetime.

Guelfs

Italian, supports the pope, against the emperor

Ghibellines (German translation: Hohenstaufens)

Italian, support the emperor, against the pope

Swiss cantons

the Hapsburgs attempted to conquer Swiss territory, local governments (cantons) revolted (1291) and formed the Swiss Cantons, the core of Switzerland

The Golden Bull (1356)

Emperor Charles IV of Luxemburg created an electoral college of seven members archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier; and secular rules of Bohemia, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Rhineland-Palatinate. This was to help elect emperors and prevent popes from meddling in imperial elections.

Domesday Book

Book to determine taxes created by William the Conqureror in Norman England. Considered as unchangeable as the final word of God hence the name.

Angevin Empire

England King Henry II inherited the County of Anjou, Duchy of Normandy, territory in France, and the Kingdom of England through marriage and dynastic ties. Vassal of the king of France, but controls more of France than the French monarch.

Henry II

attempted to try churchmen in royal courts rather than church courts, was opposed by Thomas a Becket and failed. In 1170 Becket was murdered by four of Henry’s knights. His sons rebelled against him, incited by his wife Eleanor.

Pope Innocent III

Forbad Philip II Augustus king of France to invade England.

Philip II Augustus

King of France, reclaimed French land from England (King John), succeeded in making the Capetians the dominant family in France.

Louis IX

King of France, very active and pietous, involved in the system of justice in his realm, participated in the Crusades, and was seen as a saint by the people after his death

Philip IV the Fair

Grandson of Louis IX, strengthened French monarchy, used royal power to crush enemies such as Pope Boniface VIII. Needed money for war so he destroyed the Knights Templar, expelled Jews and took their property, debased the currency and negotiated tax agreements by reinterpreting and manipulating feudal law.

Christianization of Lithuanians

Last Europeans to accept Christianity. Jegiello, grand duke of Lithuania married Jadwiga queen of Poland. Poles were Roman Catholics.

Teutonic Knights

given Prussia and the task to convert pagans by Roman Emperor Frederick II. Pope Gregory IX gave permission to expand by conquering pagans. Made alliance with the Hanseatic League. Converted to Lutheranism and established a Prussian duchy.

Alexander Nevsky

Russian leader that halted eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights at the battle of Lake Peipus in 1242

Council of Clermount

Pope Urban II began the crusading movement, told Christian warriors to stop fighting each other and recapture Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks.

First Crusade

Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked for help from Pope Urban II against the Seljuk Turks which led to the first crusade. They conquered Jerusalem in 1099 and massacred the people. created four feudal states.

Second Crusade

Muslims overthrew the County of Edessa, Cistercian monk Bernard of Clairvaux encouraged the crusade and it was led by Roman Emperor Conrad III and French King Louis VII. They failed.

Third Crusade

Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187. Crusade led by Richard I the lion-hearted of England, Philip II Augustus of France, and holy emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. They failed but Richard continued fighting winning Acre where he killed more than 2 thousand Muslims.

Fourth Crusade

Relations between the Byzantines and the Crusaders reach an all time low. Crusaders asked the Venetians for ships and to pay raided the Christian city Zara and sacked Constantinople. Never reached Muslim land.

Cathars

Heretical Movement; a dualist sect akin to the ancient Manichees. Rejected the old testament and were centered at the town of Albi. Thus they were also known as Albigensians.

Waldensians

Waldo of Lyons a rich merchant read the New Testament and gave his property to the poor and embraced a life of poverty. Followers preached against luxurious lifestyles of many Catholic bishops and won converts because of their simple lifestyle and strict interpretation of the social message of the Gospel. Considered heretics.

Pope Gregory IX

established the Inquisition to ferret out any Cathars after Albigensian Crusade. This was entrusted to a new order the Dominicans. they persecuted the Waldensians and anyone who opposed the Catholic Church as well.

Pope Innocent III

Height of papal power, started the Albigensian Crusade, refused to allow Philip II Augustus to divorce and invade England. Excommunicated King John.

Fourth Lateran Council

This church council was created by Pope Innocent III. largest in the middle ages and included secular rules as well. Detailed requirements for membership in the Roman Catholic Church and formally condemned the Cathars and Waldensians as heretics.

Mendicant Orders

Friars owned no property and were supported by donations, thus mendicants which means beggers in Latin.

Pope Boniface VIII

tried to reassert papal supremacy over kings with Unam Sanctam and was met with hostility. Philip IV soldiers raided his home and took him prisoner. He escaped but die soon afterwards.

Pope Clement V

French, persuaded by Philip IV to move papal residence from Rome to Avignon. Instigated a period called the “Babylonian Captivity” where all the popes appointed were French.

Great Schism

controversy over the papal residency in France leading to the election of two popes, French Clement VII and Italian Urban VI, creating the Great Schism.

John Wycliffe

English reformer, translated the Vulgate (Latin Bible) into English. influenced John Huss and Martin Luther.

Boethius

Roman scholar who devoted himself to studying Plato and Aristotle, most famous for Neoplatonic text the Consolations of Philosophy. Liberal art textbook in the Middle Ages.

Universities (middle ages)

a guild of teachers and students banned together for economic and legal protection. They did not have permanent locations instead classes were held in rented halls or the teacher’s house.

Colleges

Rich Benefactors such as Robert de Sorbon founded colleges. Originally residence halls for poor students. convenient place for classes and became associated with instruction.

Peter Albelard

French charismatic teacher, promoted logic in his Sic et Non. Became the tutor for a woman named Heloise and had a love affair, became a monk in consequence. Other monks considered his theology heretical. His use of logic in religious context was retained and became a feature of “scholasticism”

St Thomas Aquinas

Dominican friar, wrote the “Summa Theologiae” which as favored by the Catholic Church.

Ockham’s Razor

principle of logical economy which would be later used in scientific methods.

John of Salisbury

Described medieval society as an organic unity in the form of a human body, with the head as the king.

Marsilius of Padua

Political thinker who wrote “Defender of the Peace” arguing that all political authority is derived from the people. Opposed papal claims to power.

Beowulf

Anglo-Saxons major epic in Old English

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote “the Book of the Courtier” outlining the education and rules of etiquette of a well rounded statesman.

Meister Eckhart

German mystic, developed a movement called “modern devotion” peached by Dutch layman, Gerard Groote

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

used classical education to have a deeper understanding of early Christianity. Prepared a Greek edition of the New Testament and a Latin translation that correct errors in St. Jerome’s Vulgate. Wrote “praise of folly” but was not willing to oppose the papacy.

Thomas More

Wrote “Utopia” and corresponded with Erasmus. Later executed by English King

Johannes Reuchlin

German humanist, advocated studying languages to better understand the Bible. Convinced Roman emperor Maximilian I to reject the Inqusition’s called to destroy the Talmud.

Pope Leo X

Member of the Medici family. Said “God has given us the papacy, now let us enjoy it.” resorted to the sale of indulgences to fund the building of St Peter’s Basilica.

Henry VIII

King of England, wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon which was denied by pope Clement VII. Henry VIII used dissatisfaction with the Catholic church to pass laws that transferred authority over the Church of England from the pope to the king.

Pope Paul III

initiated the Council of Trent, established the catholic reformation, approved the Society of Jesus, and also implemented the “Roman Inquisition”

Duchy of Burgundy

After the Hundred Years War, the rise of France was challenged by the Duchy of Burgundy. Finally was eliminated by Louis XI in 1477

Valois-Hapsburg Wars

four wars between French king Francis I and Roman emperor Charles V over Italy. France was defeated in 1559 by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.

Francis I

Made an alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against Roman emperor Charles V.

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer, crossed the equator and rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer, sailed to India and opened a trade route for species and luxury goods.

Alfonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese explorer, established trading posts along west coast of India, the islands of Indonesia, and the mouth of the Persian Gulf.

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese explorer, claimed Brazil the only Portuguese territory in the New World.

Hernando Cortez

Spanish explorer, conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer, conquered the Inca Empire in Peru

Balboa

Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese but employed by the Spanish, circumnavigated the world by rounding South America.

Hernando De Soto

Spanish explorer, explored Florida and the cost of the Gulf of Mexico.

Encomiendas

Spanish plantations, similar to feudal system but very brutal.