Research Methodology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering qualitative and quantitative research designs, mixed methods, data collection techniques, instruments, and sampling methods from the methodology lecture notes.

Research Design

Serves as the blueprint of the overall strategy in finding answers for the research problems.

Narrative Research Design

A qualitative research design that typically focuses on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories.

Phenomenology

A qualitative research design that investigates an individual's thoughts and perceptions to find common ground for every experience.

Grounded Theory

A qualitative research design that aims to generate a theory from data that are analyzed and interpreted inductively.

Case Study

A qualitative research design presenting a detailed analysis of a specific case, which is usually an individual, one group of people, or one school.

Ethnography

A qualitative study of a certain cultural group to gain a clear understanding of its organizational setup, internal operations, and lifestyles through observation and lived experience.

Descriptive / Survey Research Design

A quantitative design that describes the behavior of a variable without manipulation, employing metrics such as percentage, frequency, mode, and mean.

Correlational Research Design

A quantitative research design that uses two or more quantitative variables to identify a relationship between them without manipulation.

Positive Correlation

A relationship between variables indicating that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase.

Negative Correlation

A relationship between variables indicating that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease.

Zero Correlation

A relationship condition indicating that there is no relationship between the variables being evaluated.

Causal-Comparative Research

A quantitative research design that attempts to determine the cause of differences that exist between or among pre-existing groups without variable manipulation or randomization.

Experimental Research

A quantitative study where the researcher manipulates an independent variable and controls or randomizes other variables using the scientific method to establish a cause-effect relationship.

Experimental Group

The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested.

Control Group

The group in an experiment consisting of participants who do not receive any experimental treatment.

Convergent Parallel Design

A mixed method research design in which quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted at the same time.

Explanatory Sequential Design

A mixed method research design where quantitative data collection and analysis are conducted first, followed by qualitative data collection and analysis.

Exploratory Sequential Design

A mixed method research design where qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted first, followed by quantitative data collection and analysis.

Interview

A data collection technique involving direct face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee.

Observation

A data collection technique involving the use of the five senses to collect data pertaining to attitude, behavior, or pattern.

Documentary Analysis

A data collection technique using existing or available information such as health records, reports, or organizational documents (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).

Survey (Data Collection Technique)

A data collection technique involving a large group of people asked to answer questions relevant to the research topic.

Data Gathering Instrument

A measurement tool designed to obtain data, which is paired with the selected data collection technique.

Questionnaire

A data gathering instrument containing various questions intended to be completed by respondents, commonly used with large sample sizes.

Open-Ended Questions

Survey questions that allow the respondent to give any answer rather than choosing from a set of options, providing detailed feedback.

Close-Ended Questions

Survey questions that provide respondents with a structured list of options to choose from.

Dichotomous Questions

Survey questions that offer exactly two response options, such as Yes/No or Agree/Disagree.

Multiple Choice Questions

Survey questions that present respondents with more than two options to select from.

Rank Order Questions

Survey questions asking respondents to order presented options in either descending or ascending order.

Rating Scales / Likert Scale Questions

Survey questions where an assigned weight or extent is provided for each choice or option.

Observation Sheet

Worksheets used for observing and measuring specific attributes being evaluated in an experimental study.

Self-Checklist

A questionnaire where respondents use check marks to assess themselves on existing skills, knowledge, or behaviors.

Personality Inventories

Instruments accomplished by respondents that reveal personality traits, social traits, motivations, strengths, weaknesses, and attitudes (McKay, 2020).

Tally Sheets

Instruments used during observations that involve counting to keep track of the frequency of occurrences easily.

Double-Barreled Questions

A flaw in questionnaire construction where a single item asks more than one thing at the same time.

Pilot Testing

A rehearsal of a research study designed to test clarity and refine the questionnaire so respondents experience no problems answering items.

Population

An extensive or vast collection of individuals or objects being studied.

Sample

A portion or part selected from the overall population.

Probability Sampling

A sampling design where every member of the population has a chance of being selected to participate in the study.

Simple Random Sampling

A probability sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of selection, commonly utilizing the lottery method.

Systematic Sampling

A probability sampling method involving the selection of every $n^{\text{th}}$ member of the population from a list.

Stratified Sampling

A probability sampling method that involves dividing the population into subgroups or strands and selecting participants from each subgroup.

Cluster Sampling

A probability sampling method where intact pre-existing groups (such as cities or barangays) are selected rather than individual units.

Multi-Stage Sampling

A sampling design that combines two or more individual sampling designs.

Non-Probability Sampling

A sampling design where not every member of the population has a chance of being selected to participate.

Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique where a set required number of participants is chosen per specified group.

Purposive Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique where participants are selected based on predetermined criteria or qualifications.

Volunteer Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique where participants self-select to join the research study.

Convenience Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique selecting participants who are accessible and easy to reach for the researcher.

Snowball Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique relying on referrals from initial subjects, typically employed when participant characteristics are rare.