APUSH Unit1 Ch1-3

African slave trade

European TRADE OF AFRICANS, transported TO AMERICAS FOR LABOR on plantations

Aztecs

Well developed MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZAITON, build city of TENOCHITLAN, COMPLEX SYSTEMS of conquered workforce, water navigation, school, military

Bartolome de Las Casas

Friar, advocated for FAIR TREATMENT OF NATIVE PEOPLE by the Spanish

Cahokia

Largest PRE-COLUMBIAN CITY in the Mississippi River valley, MAJOR TRADE HUB connecting north America

Christopher Columbus

Italian EXPLORER, DISCOVERED the AMERICAS for Europeans under sponsorship of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spanish

Colony

TERRITORY established by controlling power from ANOTHER NATION for economic/strategic/religious purposes

Conquistador

A SPANISH SOLDIER-EXPLORER, aim to CONQUER territory in Americas for Spanish Crown

Columbian exchange

Spread of diseases, goods, and animals to native americans when Europeans landed in the Americas

Encomienda

Right to exploit labor from native peoples on plots of land, granted to favored spaniards

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador, led military expedition against Aztecs in Mexico after hearing about their treasures

Mercantilism

Economic system in which countries try to export more than they import, colonies are used as sources of raw materials and as a market for a mother country to sell in

Mestizo

Mixed European and Native American, usually middle social class in colonial caste system

Montezuma

Emperor of Aztecs

Pope

Pueblo religious leader, led uprising killing hundreds of Euro settlers

Protestant Reformation

Split of the Catholic Church due to criticism of the Church's corruption abuse

Puritans

Group of Englishmen who wanted more reforms in the Church of England from the Catholic Church

Roanoke

Failed English colony due to poor planning, harsh conditions, unfriendly relations with natives, and lack of support from England

Smallpox

Deadly disease that devastated natives populations

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan Massachusetts woman, challenge religious authority strict Christian Puritan government, advocated salvation predetermined, exiled because woman stepping out of traditional roles

Bacon's Rebellion

Revolt against colonial government, seen as ineffective because lack of action for native/land ownership conflict

Carolina colonies

Prev unified South/Norht Carolina, economies heavily dependent on labor, cash crops (rice/indigo)

Caribbean colonies

Colonies in Caribbean (Jamaica, Barbados) economy built on sugar farming, super dependent on labor, very involved in transatlantic slave trade

Dominion of New England

Short attempt by King to unite New England colonies under one governor to tighten/increase control, failed because of resistance from colonies in Glorious Revolution

Georgia

Last founded colony of the 13 British colonies, barrier against Spanish in South, military focused

Headright system

System used by Virginia colony, offered land to people in exchange for settling in colony and getting indentured servants, attract more settlers to region

Indentured servants

People who work labor (~5-7 years) in exchange for passage to the New World, bound to employers, faced harsh punishments, often didn't get payments (food, land) after contract ended

Jamestown

First successful established settlement, sponsored by Virginia Company, conflict with natives

John Smith

English explorer, help establish Jamestown, leadership, encourage work for food

John Winthrop

First gov of Massachusetts, Puritan leader, help establish identity of colony, mixed religious beliefs w strict governing

King Phillip's War

Native colonist war in New England over land encroachment/colonial expansion, thousands dead on both sides, led to strengthened colonial control

Maryland Colony

Colony granted to Lord Baltimore, Act of Tolerance = religious freedom to Christians, tobacco dependent economy → indentured servitude/slave labor

Massachusetts Bay

Joint stock company of Puritan investors, established Massachusetts colony

Company

Joint stock company, investors pool together money to fund colonialism

Mayflower compact

Legal agreement between colonists of the Mayflower to create a self governing colony based on fair laws for the citizens

Metacom

Chief of Wampanoag people, united multiple native tribes against New England people

Navigation Acts

English laws to enforce mercantilism, restrict colonial trade only to England

Pequot War

Conflict btwn natives/New England colonists over control of trade/land in Connecticut, hundreds of Pequot people massacred

Plymouth Plantation

Settlement by Pilgrims, English settlers who sought religious freedom, signed Mayflower Compact, early self governance

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan chief, married colonist John Rolfe, cultural intermediary btwn Jamestown/natives, led to short period of peace/cultural transfer

Powhatan

Chief of Powhatan Confederacy, union of native tribes, sought trade w English at first, relationship crumbled

Quakers

Radical religious group, belief to live life without restriction and follow own path of God unbound by rules/laws → persecution by strict Christian Puritan gov bc threatened authority

Roger Williams

Puritan minister, challenge Massachusetts Bay leadership for not separating church/gov and native treatment, founded Rhode Island, separated church/gov, guaranteed religious tolerance

Slave codes

Set of laws further restricting black slave rights, allowed owners free will over slaves, any punishments they wanted

Virginia House of Burgesses

First established representative democracy in Virginia

Virginia Company

Joint stock company chartered by James I, founded Jamestown, sought profit through gold and trade, shifted to tobacco farming

William Berkeley

Virginia governor, supported wealthy farmers, positive native treatment, opposed westward expansion → bacons rebellion/poor upset at lack of opportunity/support for them

William Penn

Quaker, founded Pennsylvania, established religious freedom/representative gov, good native treatment, attracted diverse settlers

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in Europe challenging traditional authorities with reasoning, logic, science. Inspired colonists to challenge monarchy/American revolution

Great Awakening

Religious revival movement, reject traditional church authority to find own belief in God, branching in Christianity, result in ppl challenging authorities of established churches and politics

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker, created idea of social contract, gov should exist to protect the people

John Peter Zenger

New York printer put under trial for criticizing governor, seen as more of a reason for freedom of speech and growing civil liberties

Jonathan Edwards

Leading preacher of Great Awakening, preached human sinfulness and need for God's grace

Middle Passage

Forced transatlantic transportation of Africans as slaves, much disease/death/inhumane conditions

Salem witchcraft trials

200+ ppl accused of witchcraft in Puritan Massachusetts bc of challenges to authority, showed Puritan fear of losing control

Stono rebellion

Mass revolt of slaves in South Carolina to escape, resulted in harsher slave codes/laws, showed colonists fear of uprising/African resistance

Triangular Trade

System of trade between Europe, Americas, and Africa, trading slaves, raw goods, and processed goods, funded colonialism, global trade, and mercantilist system