APMWH 18 Vocab

Fatt Hing Chin

A village fish peddler who lived in China and went to California to join the Gold Rush. He earned a fortune and returned to China, but a year later went back to California. He was in the Gold Rush again, and then he opened a restaurant with his cousins in San Francisco.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

an act that went to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River into “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma)

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of the Cherokee from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma (1837–1838); it was symbolic of U.S. expansion and destruction of indigenous Indian societies.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

When thousands of Lakota Sioux and allies defeated an army under Colonel George Armstrong Custer in southern Montana

Wounded Knee

A battle in South Dakota. Whites felt threatened by the Sioux Ghost Dance, and chased the Sioux who were fleeing to the South Dakota badlands. A Sioux man shot his gun, and in response the cavalry slaughtered over 200 women, men, and children with machine guns

It represented the place where “a people’s dream died”

Mexican-American War

la intervención norteamericano or la guerra del 47

war between the United States and Mexico stemming from the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a disputed zone along the Rio Grande

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Gave the US ½ of Mexico’s territory. For 15 million, the US got Texas north of the Rio Grande, California, and New Mexico

Missouri Compromise of 1820

A series of political compromises tried to maintain the balance between slave and free states as the republic admitted new states in western territories

Abraham Lincoln

the president of the US during the Civil War that issued the Emancipation Proclamation and put the 13th Amendment into effect

the Union

the northern states in the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

it freed the slaves in the states that rebelled

13th Amendment to Constitution

abolished slavery in all of the US

Battle of Gettysburg

a battle fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.

War of 1812

conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations on US rights during the Napoleonic Wars.

the British colony in Canada formed one of the front lines in the conflict

Durham Report

Report issued in 1839 by the British Earl of Durham and recent governor- general of Canada, John George Lambton, which advocated significant self-government for a united Canada.

British North America Act of 1867

Joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada

Dominion of Canada

the formal name of the country, Canada

John A. Macdonald

The first prime minister of Canada who moved to incorporate all of British North America into the Dominion of Canada

He negotiated purchase of the Northwest territories from the Hudson’s Bay Company. He persuaded Manitoba, British Colombia, and Prince Edward Island to join the Dominion

He oversaw the construction of the transcontinental railroad

Caudillos

Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

a caudillo who ruled Argentina. He came from cattle ranching

He called for regional autonomy to try and reconcile competing interests

Quelled rebellions violently

Known as the “Argentine Nero” and “Machiavelli of the pampas”

Antonio López de Santa Anna

 1794–1896 C.E. Mexican army officer and politician best known for his efforts to prevent Spain from recapturing Mexico. Served as president of Mexico several times

Benito Juárez

a Mexican president that led La Reforma

 1806–1872 C.E. Mexican lawyer of indigenous origins who served as president of Mexico on five occasions.

La Reforma

a movement in Mexico led by Benito Juarez that sought to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic Church in Mexican society

Constitution of 1857

• reduced privileges of priests and military elites

• guaranteed universal male suffrage

• Guaranteed civil liberties like freedom of speech 

Cinco de Mayo

the day Mexican forces beat back Napoleon III’s forces at Puebla.

The French invaded because they wanted to establish a monarchy in Mexico that they ruled

Porfirio Díaz

1830–1915 C.E. Mexican general/politician who served seven terms as president, for a total of 31 years.

A powerful dictator the people sought to overthrow

Emiliano Zapata

1879–1919 c.e. Mexican revolutionary and leader of the peasant revolution during the Mexican Revolution whose followers were called Zapatistas. He was the son of a mestizo peasant

Francisco (Pancho) Villa

A revolutionary leader who was the son of a field worker

Golondrinas

“swallows”

The name for Italians and other migrants who traveled back and forth annually between Europe and South. America to take advantage of different growing seasons

Railroad Time

A standardized time arrangement formerly used by railways to overcome the confusion caused by varying local times at different stations.

The time system of four time zones used in the US today

National Policy

Nineteenth-century Canadian policy designed to attract migrants, protect industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems.

Canadian Pacific Railroad (Railway)

a transcontinental Canadian railroad that stimulated economic development and Canadian expansion

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Sought to lessen the influence of tribal culture by shifting land policies away from collective tribal reservations and to individual tracts of land

Reconstruction

System implemented in the American South (1867–1877) that was designed to bring the Confederate states back into the union and also extend civil rights to freed slaves.

Seneca Falls Convention

where feminists issued the “declaration of sentiments”. It demanded political and economic rights for US women

Jourdan Anderson

a freed slave whose owner requested him to come back. He lived in Dayton, Ohio with his family and had a good, more equal life

Louis Riel

1844–1885 C.E. Leader of metis and indigenous people who organized the unsuccessful Northwest Rebellion against Canadian settlement in 1885. He was executed by Canadian authorities.

Northwest Rebellion

an armed resistance movement by the Métis under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by Saskatchewan against the Canadian government.

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

1811–1888 C.E. Argentine intellectual, writer, and activist who became the seventh president of Argentina.

Wrote Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism

Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism

• Written by Domigno Faustino Sarmiento

• Influenced by the Enlightenment

• argued that it was necessary for Buenos Aires to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentinian countryside.

• Characterized books, ideas, law, education, and art as products of cities.

• Argued only when cities dominated countryside would social stability and genuine liberty be possible 

Gauchos

“cowboys”

Pastoralists that herded cattle and horses on pampas in Latin America

They were known for their bravery and distinct culture

 The Gaucho Martín Fierro

a poem written by Jose Hernandez

Conveyed pride of the gauchos, especially those who resisted assimilation to Euro-American society

Machismo

Latin American social ethic that honored male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness, and cunning

Adela Zamudio

A Bolivian poet that wrote a poem “To Be Born a Man”, lamenting the unequal treatment and rights of women

Central Pacific Railroad

the US’s transcontinental railroad system