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Introduction
• Where a group of people come together in order to bring about change in society in regard to certain social issues with the aim of changing people’s perspectives about that aspect.
Dissent (dissatisfaction)
Protest (where it comes out openly)
Social Movement (may or may not lead).
• Dissent is a form of dissatisfaction that people feel about a certain issue and when it comes out openly it is in the form of a protest.
• During colonial rule
There were many social reformers who wanted to change the life of the depressed class and few social evils.
• Now social movements are present today also but the issues have changed.
• They have become global and have a difference there e.g. environment, domestic violence etc.
Features of Social Movement
(i) Mass modalisation of people
• Large no. of people who believe in the issue (Voluntary people).
• New government
• Can be against the government
• Sustained effort over long period of time.
(ii) Leadership and Organisation
• Someone to guide the people
• Leaders have to make decisions and abide by them.
• Essential for progress
• Movements need a set plan to do things pertaining to the cause.
(iii) Ideology and Objective
• Must have these two Ideology —»viewpoint
• It tells us how they are going to protest and what they are fighting for.
(iv) Change Orientation
• The main aim of a social movement is to change the mindset, thinking of the people.
• Usually to do with social issues and seeing that it was reflected in society.
Counter Movement
• A small group of people who are against the larger group of people that they are a part of e.g. Brahmo Samaj – Dharma Sabha
Orthodox Muslims – Unorthodox Muslims
• Even today count eventuates exists.
• How can social eventuates be expressed?
Strikes, bands, petitions, dhama, hunger strike
• How can social movements be expressed?
Strikes, bandhs, petitions, dhama, hunger strike.
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Sociology and Social Movement
In any country, social movement aims at changing some aspect of society.
• French revolution against monarchy when people were suffering, depressed and wanted freedom and equality.
• Industrial Revolt (Britian) – protest by common man —» paid low wages and treated
badly.
According to Emile Durkheim, social movement can lead to disintegration/disorder of society. Society is more important than individual.
• Spoke about division of labour, social facts, suicide and religion.
Social movements usually aim at improving the life of depressed class and sociology is the study of society.
• Poor people/depressed section express themselves through protests as they have no other way of doing so.
Theories of Social Movements
(1) Theory of Relative Deprivation
• Everyone is deprived of something but every deprivation does not lead to social movements.
• However this theory states that when a particular, group is deprived by any basic necessity it will lead to a social movement. The basis of this theory is that the individual
(i) Feels resentful (unhappy with situation)
(ii) Has a psychological factor which convinces them that they are deprived.
Limitations
• Every deprivation should not or will not lead to a social movement.
• Deprivation is not enough for a social movement.
• Many other factors are involved.
Theory of collective action
• Given by Olson who states that every individual who is part of a social movement have a self-interest. As soon as their self-interest is fulfilled they leave the social movement.
• The basis of this theory is humans rational thinking why should I be part of a social movement if I don’t benefit.
Theory of Resource Mobilisation
• Given by McCarthy and Zald.
• They said everyone in a social movement need not have self interest.
• They said social movement is successful if one is able to mobilise resources (people, good leaders, economic resources, political support), e.g Anna Hazare (2011), did not have self interest.
Limitations
• According to Sociologists people can create resources. They don’t have to mobilise them. A social-movement need not depend on existing resources, new identities, new resources etc are created.
e.g. Freedom struggle – no money, political power but generated resources in man power, good leader etc.
Types of Social Movements
• Three ways to classify social movements
Reformist Movement is a movement where the reformers try to change the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue.
Revolutionary Movement is a movement where radical or violent methods are used to bring about change in society. (Could use weapons), e.g Subash Chandra Boses – Indian National Army, Bhagat Singh Redemptive Movement is formed to reduce actions done in the past.
lies to change the thinking of the people.
eg. Anti Brahmin Movement started by Shree Narayan
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Ecological
• Flora and fauna destroyed deforestation.
• Trees are needed —»prevent floods and landslides.
• Survived on forest for produce.
Ecological Movement
• Any movement to do with the environment.
• It is a new problems.
• It was not there in the past.
• Have come up in the last 2-3 decades.
Chipko Movement – is a movement which was not only economic aspect, it affected all aspect.
EconomicFinancial news subscriptions
• When contractors from cities came to cut down the trees, the women and children went and hugged the trees.
Reason being they were dependent on the forest for their livelihood (grazing, fodder, firewood, food and gathering).
Political
• Villagers were unhappy that politicians sitting in the cities were dictating terms and they knew politicians were not concerned about their livelihood.
It became popular, mass media was important in spreading the news and people started their own movements in their own states.
Class Based Movement Peasant Movement
Pre-Colonial: There were movements, but they were not localised so we did not know about them as peasants were too scared to form their own movements. They were poor and could not mobilise people.
Colonial
(i) 19th Century – Some revolts did become quite popular.
(ii) Bengal Revolt – Indigo plantations by Gandhi during 1917 – 1920 when he came back from South Africa he travelled all across India helping people.
• There were 2 important movements.
(i) Champaran (ii) Bardoli
• 1920 there were a lot of revolts to do wdth forest.
• Organisations formed: All India Kissan Sabha (AIKS), Bihar Provincial Kissan Sabha
After Independence
• Telangana Movement (West Bengal).
• Farmers had to give 50% profit to government.
