A&P Test 1 version 2

Organs inside the thoracic cavity

lungs, bronchiole tubes, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, heart, aorta

organs inside the abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, small and large intestines, galbladder

Pelvic cavity organs

portions of small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, uterus, and vagina

3 organs in RUQ

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

3 LUQ organs

spleen, stomach, portion of transverse colon

3 RLQ organs

appendix, right kidney, right ovary

3 organs of LLQ

sigmoid colon, left ovary, left kidney

Anatomical Divisions of the Spine

Cervical (C1-C7), THoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacral (S1-S5 fused), Coccygeal (coccyx)

Axial Region

head, neck, torso, trunk

Appendicular Region

upper and lower extremities, girdles

Structural Organization of the Body

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

4 types of cells

muscle, nerve, epithelial, fat (adipose)

4 types of tissue

epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve

Cytoskeleton

internal framework of cells, microfillaments and microtubules, provides support and movement of cell and organelles

Centrosome

made of two tiny centrioles, helps organize cell division

centrioles

small cylinder structures found in centrosomes, made of tiny tubes, important for cell division

Nucleolus

Small structure in the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

Prophase

first stage of cell division, chromatin granules become organized, chromosomes appear, centrioles move away from nucleus, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers appear

Metaphase

second stage of cell division, chromosomes align across centre of cell, spindle fibers attach to each chromatid

Anaphase

third phase of cell division, centromeres break apart, chromatids pulled apart and are now chromosomes, chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell, cleavage furrow develops

telophase

fourth stage of cell division, nuclei appear in daughter cells, nuclear envelop and nucleoli appear, cytoplams is divided (cytokinesis)

Diffusion

natural movement of molecules from high to low concentration

facilitaed diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high

dialysis

diffusion of small solute particles

Filtration

movement of water solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the membrane (movement of materials out of capilliaries into tissue under the force of blood pressure)

Ion Pumps

protein complex in the cell membrane, uses ATP to move substances across cell membrane against the concentration gradient

Phagocytosis

form of active transport, cell eating, engulfs large particles into vesicle as a protective mechanism, destroys bacteria or debris from tissue damage

pinocytosis

form of active transport, cell drinking, engulfs fluid of dissolved substances into cells

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Three NA+ pumped out, two K+ pumped in, atp broken down in the process

Hydrostatic pressure

fluid pushing pressure

Oncotic Pressure

fluid-pulling pressure

Metabolism

sum of all chemical processes in the body

Anabolism

building up of protein

Catabolism

breakdown of substances for energy

Epithelial tissue

covers body surface, lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts, classified by shape and arrangement, high capacity for renewal

Apical Surface

most superficial layer of epithelial tissue, exposed to a body cavity

Basil surface

epithelial tissue attached to the basement membrane

Avascular tissue

tissue with no blood vessles (epithelial tissue)

Squamous epithelial cells

flat and scalelike, allow rapid passage of substances

Cuboidal epithelial cells

cube shaped, function in secretion/absorption

Columnar epithelial cells

column like, function in secretion/absorption

Transitional epithelial cells

varying shapes that can stretch

glandular epithelium

secreting portion of glands

covering and lining epithelium

epithelial tissue, outer layer of skin, inner layer of respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems, inner layer of blood vessles

11 Organ systems

Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system

Integumentary system structures (6)

skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, oil glands,

Integumentary system function

protection, regulating body temperature, synthesis of chemicals, sense organs

Skeletal system structures (2)

bones, joints

Skeletal system functions

support, movement, storage of minerals, blood cell formation

Muscular system structures (1)

muscles

Muscular system functions

movement, maintenance of body posture, production of heat

Connective Tissue intracellular matrix

fibrous intercellular material, secreted by connective tissue cells, matrix is strong and flexible

Nervous sytem structures (4)

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

nervous sytem functions

produce nerve impulses caused by stimuli, communication, integration, control, recognition of sensory stimuli

Endocrine system structures (10)

Pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, thymus gland, hypothalamus, adrenal gland, pineal gland, ovaries (female), testes (male), pancreas

Endocrine system functions

secretes hormones within the bloodstream; slow communication system

Connective tissue cells types (5)

fibroblats, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells

fibroblasts

secretes fibers and ground substances

macrophages

engulfs bacteria and cell debris via phagocytosis

Plasma cells

make antibodies, important in immune response, develop from B lymphocytes

mast cells

part of reaction to injury, secrete histamine during inflammation response

adipocytes

adipose cells; store triglycerides

Cardiovascular system structures (2.3)

heart, blood vessles (arteries, veins, capillaries)

Cardiovascular system functions

transportation, regulation of body temp, immunity

fibers in connective tissue cellular matrix (3)

collagen, elastic, reticular

collagen fibers

strong and flexible, found in most types of connective tissue

elastic fibers

smaller, stretch and return to original length, found in skin, wall of blood vessles, and lungs

reticular fibers

provide support and strength, form basement membrane

Types of connective tissue

areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood, hematopoietic

Lymphatic system structures (5)

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessles, tonsils, thymus, spleen

Lymphatic system functions

transportation, immunity

Respiratory system structures (6.3)

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchioles, alveoli, capillary)

Respiratory system functions

exchanges CO2 for O2, warm and humidify incoming air, filtration of irritants, regulation of acid-base balance

Digestive system structures (7)

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anal canal

Digestive system functions

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, eliminate undigested waste

Digestive system accessroy organs (7)

teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix

Urinary system structures (4)

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Urinary system functions

cleaning blood of waste products, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance

Areolar connective tissue

makes up fascia, cells and fibers in very loose jellylike background material, may develop into fat tissues when it begins to store lipids

adipose tissue

fat tissue, adipocytes store large amounts of fat, controls heat loss, reserve energy supply, protective padding for organs

Bone tissue

hard calcified matrix, storage for calcium, provide support and protection

Male reproductive system structures

gonads: testes, genital ducts: prostate, supporting structures: genetalia (penis, scrotum)

Female reproductive system

goands: ovaries - accessory organs: uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina - supporting structures: genetalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

Reproductive system functions

production of sex cells, transfer and fertilization of sex cells, development and birth of offspring, producing sex hormones

Cartilage tissue

firm plastic like matrix, chondrocytes in tiny spaces throughout matrix

Blood tissue

liquid matrix (blood plasma), transportation and protective functions

Hematopoietic tissue

found in bone marrow and organs, responsible for formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells

Nervous tissue types

neurons and gilia

nervous tissue function

rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions

Gilia (neurogilia)

supporting cells: support, nourish, and protect neurons

Function of ligaments and tendons

bind, support, and strengthen other body tissue

functions of adipose tissue

protect and insulate organs, conect tissues together, supporting framework for the body/organs, major site of stored energy reserves

functions of blood tissue

major transport system within the body

Reticular tissue

loose connective tissue found in bone marrow to support blood forming cells

regular dense fibrous connective tissue

collagen fiber bundles arranged in roughly parallel rows

irregular dense fibrous connective tissue

collagen arranged in chaotic swirl of tangled bundles

dense fibrous connective tissue

thick bundles of strong, white collagen fibers, packed closely together, strong and flexible but don’t stretch, anchors muscles to bones