PSYCH

N1 sleep

N1 - light sleep, hypnagogic jerk and hallucinations

N2 sleep

N2 - true sleep, brain activity slows and heart rate reduces

N3 sleep

N3 - deep sleep, brain activity slows, hard to awaken and growth hormones release from pituitary gland

What was Piaget's approach to cognitive development?

Children understand the world with schemes/schema.

Sensorimotor stage

Object permanence

Pre-operational stage

Egocentric thinking, animistic thinking, no conservation

Concrete operations stage

Can understand conservation, reversibility

Formal operations stage

Abstract and systematic reasoning, hypothesis testing

Assimilation

Fitting new info into present system of knowledge

Accommodation

As a result of new info, change existing schema

What is Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Cognitive development results from guidance

Theory of mind

understanding of how other people think

What were the results of Harlow's studies of infant attachment?

Rhesus monkeys - contact comfort is more crucial for attachment than food

Top-down processing

starts with observer’s expectations(ex. taste testing a specific cookie flavor)

Bottom-up processing

starts with raw sensory data that gets communicated to the brain(ex. blindly taste testing a cookie)

Signal detection theory

How we detect signals in the midst of background noise

The Gestalt approach

We perceive objects as whole rather than as a sum of the individual parts(ex. jigsaw puzzle)

Festinger and Carlsmith’s study

Subjects paid either $1 or $20 to do boring task and tell next subject that is was fun, those paid $1 rated it as more enjoyable than those who were paid $20

Normative and Informational social influence

Social influence based on the desire to be liked or accepted

Social influence based on the desire to be correct

Asch’s study of conformity

Participants asked to judge which comparison lines best matched the standard line: Confederates unanimously chose incorrect line which led to 75% participants chose incorrect line at least once

Deindividuation

Psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness and reduced social identity(ex. concerts)

Group polarization

Tendency of groups to make more extreme decisions than do individuals

Groupthink

Pattern in group decision-making in which members assume their decision will be correct

Implicit Association Test

measures implicit prejudice

Just-world phenomenon

Everything is fair; good things happen to good people

Realistic conflict theory

Idea that competition for limited resources leads to conflict

Social Identity theory

Individuals’ self-esteem partially depends on identifying with social groups(ex. sports fan)

Minimal groups

Groups united by trivial similarities(group 1 or group 2)

Cooperative interdependence

Relationship in which the outcomes of multiple people or groups depend on each others’ actions(ex. group work)

Jigsaw classroom

To eliminate competition and introduce cooperation in classrooms

Catharsis

Notion that expressing aggression or watching others engage in aggressive behaviors reduces aggressive drive

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to a person increases our liking for the person

Evaluation apprehension

Concern about social approval or disapproval

Freud’s 2 factors of personality

Explains behavior and personality in terms of unconscious processes

Unconscious

Impulses, wishes, and memories of which people are not consciously aware but affect thoughts and behavior

Freud’s 3 psychosexual stages

Oral - oral fixation

An*l - bowel and bladder elimination

Phallic - genitals

Oedipus complex

boy’s sexual desires towards the mother

Freud’s defense mechanism

Repression - block anxious thoughts

Projection - person attributes one’s feelings to other people

Rationalization - explanations for behaviors

Displacement - directing emotions towards others

Denial - refusing to acknowledge emotions

Sublimation - transforming unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors

Psychological determinism

All thoughts, emotions and behaviors have causes

Freudian slips

action that reveals unconscious thoughts

Roger’s concepts of empathy and unconditional positive regard

Empathy - capacity to understand another’s person’s experience cognitively and emotionally

Unconditional positive regard - being given the sense that individual is valued by parents and others

Labeling theory

Psychiatric diagnosis is a way of labeling individuals a society considers deviant

Catatonic symptoms

motor problems

Positive and negative symptoms

Positive - delusions, hallucinations

Negative - expressionless face

Psychoanalytic therapy

Psychological techniques designed to help people modify emotional, behavioral, and cognitive patterns that cause difficulties

Free association

A person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Humanistic therapy

Person-centered therapy(personal growth)

Flooding

Client confronts the feared stimulus all at once

Systematic desensitization

Client taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear

Life change approach to measuring stress

Amount of adjustment a person is forced to make in response to significant life events

Daily hassles approach to measuring stress

Minor annoying events which require some degree of adjustment

Perceived stress

Subjective interpretations of events or life circumstances as stressful

Indirect and direct models of stress

Indirect - stress leads to unhealthy behaviors in attempt to cope with stress

Direct - stress leads to physiological reactions that lead to disease

Problem-focused and emotional-focused coping

Problem-focused coping - actions taken to change a stressful situation or reduce its effects

Emotion-focused coping - attempts to reduce distress

Expressive writing

Expressing emotional experiences