Grade 9

Socio-economic practice of the early stone age

1. food is obtained by hunting and gathering

2. shelter consisted of semi circular groups of stones and tree trunks

3. kept warm by their hairy bodies

Socio-economic practices of the middle stone age

1. invention of fire

2. Lived in caves

3. hunted and gathered food

4. wore animal hides

5. painted pictures of animals they hunted

Socio-economic practices of late stone age

1. lived in shelters made of grass and tree branches

2. wore clothes made of animals skins and tree barks

3. Development of religious practices(buried dead with belongings)

4. Democracy and governance

Characteristics of a global citizen

1. Protect human rights

2. Respects cultural diversity

3. Conserve environment

4. Promote peace and unity

types of slaves

1. sex slavery

2. military slavery

3. Child slavery

4. Domestic slavery

5. Chattel slavery

characteristics of equatorial

1. high rainfall (2000mm)

2. high temp

3. dense canopy trees

4. Found in the Congo basin, west Africa, eastern Africa

Characteristics of Mediteranean

1. hot and dry summers, coot and wet winters

2. Vegetation; shrubs, trees and grass

3. found in the coasts of Northern ad Southern parts of Africa

indigenous knowledge systems

1. education-passed orally through stories, myths, legends etc

2. Agriculture- traditional farming methods

3. Astronomy- Knowledge of the sky used to predict seasons

4. Medicine- Use of herbal plants and traditional healing methods

5. Art- was used to preserve culture through dance, songs etc

Causes of poverty

• Unemployment – lack of jobs reduces income and lowers standards of living.

• Low levels of education – without skills, people struggle to access well-paying jobs.

• Overpopulation – when population grows faster than resources, poverty increases.

• Political instability – wars and conflicts destroy resources and displace people.

• Natural disasters – floods, drought, earthquakes destroy homes and farms.

Effects of overpopulation of natural resources

1. Depletion of resources

2. Rising social conflicts due to competition of scarce resources

3. Extinction of plant and animal species

4. Increased environmental pollution

5. Collapse of fisheries due to overfishing

Benefits of poverty reduction

1.Improved Living Standards

2. Better health - Reduces diseases and increases life expectancy.

3. Access to Education - Parents can afford to educate their children.

4. Political Stability - Citizens are less likely to protest when their basic needs are met.

5. Economic Growth - When people have jobs and income, they spend and invest more.

6. Reduced Crime and Insecurity - reduces poverty and promotes peace and safety.

7. Sustainable Use of Resources- People rely less on destructive practices like deforestation for survival.

Sources of population data

• Sample surveys,

• vital Registration,

• census

• Population registers

• Governement records

Population structure of kenya

1. High fertility

   -No family planning

   -cultural and religious beliefs

2. High mortality

   -low standards of living

   -inadequate health facilities

   -high medical cost