Pathophysiology

LDH

indirect bilirubin

direct bilirubin

haptoglobin

reticulocyte

Transferrin

protein that transports iron

Ferritin

iron

G6PD enzyme

protects RBC from damage and premature destruction

reconversion

blood loss/chronic anemia → yellow marrow in long bones can turn back into red marrow to make more RBCs

plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

platelets

small cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes

anucleate

totipotent SCs

originator of all cells

gives rise to committed SCs

committed SCs

pluripotent hematopoietic SCs have self-maintaining ability

continuously differentiate, no reverse flow

hematopoietic stem cells

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

mesenchymal stem cells

can become bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle tissue (multipotent)

role in cell regeneration, immunity, tissue repair (release chemicals to reduce inflamm., send signals to satellite cells to repair)

cytokines

control growth and activity of immune system cells and blood cells

inflamm. response

messengers made by mult. cell types

i.e interleukins, interferons, chemokines, TNFs

growth factors

proteins/hormones that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, inflamm., tissue repair

messenger btwn cells and tissues

involved in tissue growth, development, wound healing

interleukins

specific subset of cytokines that mediate communication with WBCs to regulate immune response

made by WBCs

immune cell development and signaling

i.e IL-2, IL-6, IL-10

pro-inflammatory cytokines

interleukins, GFs

regulatory (anti-inflamm.) cytokines

interleukins

chemokines (chemotatic cytokines)

inducing chemotaxis, directing immune cells to infection/injury site

use a chemical gradient that immune cells can follow

human serum albumin

made in liver

soluble plasma fibronectin

helps make a blood clot

opsonization (via opsonins)

immune response that marks pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

antibodies and complement proteins that coat pathogen, act as handles for phagocyte to grab

megakaryocytes

giant bone marrow cells that make platelets by extending and fragmenting long proplatelet extensions into bloodstream

multi-nucleated, from hematopoietic SCs, play a role in immune response

alpha and beta globin chains

hydrophobic internally, hydrophilic externally

hydrophobic pocket that holds the heme group that binds to O2

heme

binds to whatever is more concentrated in the surrounding area (lungs - O2)

contains Fe inside