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Seed development
The process of maturation and germination of a seed, involving complex metabolic, enzymatic, morphological, and structural processes.
Maturation
The phase of seed development characterized by the fast formation/decline of monosaccharides and amino acids in the early phase, followed by the synthesis and polymerization of reserve carbohydrates and proteins.
Germination
The phase of seed development characterized by the activation of hydrolytic enzymes, production of de novo synthesized enzymes, and degradation of storage compounds in the endosperm. It involves the mobilization of starch and reserve proteins.
Soybean
A model plant for studying seed development, with a 120-day period divided into five stages:globular, heart, torpedo, maturation, and dormancy.
Cotyledons
The storage organ in soybean where the bulk of storage proteins are synthesized and deposited during the maturation phase.
Seed dormancy
The temporary inability of a viable seed to germinate, even under favorable environmental conditions. It is under endogenous control and requires a trigger before the embryo can resume growth.
Seed storage proteins
A unique class of proteins synthesized during seed formation, acting as a food reserve for the germinating seedling. They are rich in arginine, glutamine, glutamate, and asparagine and have different solubility properties in water or alcohol/detergent solutions depending on the plant species.
Protein bodies
Dense, crystalloid structures where storage proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm of cells.
Quiescence
A short period of dormancy induced by unfavorable environmental conditions, which can be overcome by exposure to favorable conditions.
Endogenous control
Regulation of dormancy by factors such as hormone levels, embryo maturity, and seed coat impermeability.
Dormancy
A state of suspended growth and development in seeds, characterized by reduced metabolic activity.
Abscisic acid (ABA)
A hormone that triggers seed dormancy and is involved in the regulation of various processes in plants.
Viviparous
Referring to seeds that germinate while still attached to the mother plant.
LEA genes
Late embryogenesis-associated genes that are expressed during the onset of seed dormancy and are regulated by abscisic acid.
Scarification
The process of breaking or weakening the hard seed coat to allow water to enter and initiate germination.
Imbibition
The uptake of water by a dry seed, leading to the resumption of metabolic activity.
Metabolism reactivation
The restart of metabolic processes, including the mobilization of food reserves and protein synthesis, during seed germination.
Radicle
The embryonic root of a plant that emerges from the seed during germination.
Long-lived mRNA
mRNA molecules that are synthesized during embryogenesis and stored in mature dry seeds, remaining translatable for long periods.
Radicle extension
The elongation of the radicle, marking the completion of germination and the beginning of seedling growth.
DNA synthesis
The process of creating new DNA molecules.
Radicle
The embryonic root of a plant.
Imbibition
The process of absorbing water by a seed.
Turgor-driven process
A process that is driven by the pressure of water inside plant cells.
Cell wall loosening
The process of making cell walls less rigid, allowing for cell expansion.
Expansins
Proteins that are involved in loosening cell walls during cell expansion.
XET (xyloglucan endotransglycosylate)
An enzyme that is involved in loosening cell walls during cell expansion.
Germination
The process of a seed sprouting and growing into a new plant.
Mechanical resistance
The ability of a structure to resist external forces.
Endosperm
The tissue that surrounds and provides nutrients to the embryo in a seed.
Hydrolysis
The chemical breakdown of a compound by reacting with water.
Proteases
Enzymes that break down proteins.
Lipases
Enzymes that break down lipids.
Amylases
Enzymes that break down starch.
Gibberellins
Plant hormones that play a role in seed germination.
Aleurone layer
The outermost layer of cells in the endosperm of a seed.
ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
An organelle involved in protein synthesis and processing.
mRNA
Messenger RNA, a molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.
Abscisic acid (ABA)
A plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and promotes seed dormancy.
Transcription
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
Antagonistically
In opposition to each other.
Seed dormancy
A period of inactivity in a seed before it can germinate.
Phytohormones
Plant hormones that regulate plant growth and development.
Auxin
A plant hormone that regulates cell elongation and growth.
Brassinosteroids
Plant hormones that promote cell elongation and growth.
Ethylene
A plant hormone that regulates fruit ripening and senescence.
GA biosynthesis
The process of producing gibberellic acid (GA), a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in seed germination.
Radicle
The embryonic root of a plant.
Germination progression
The process of a seed sprouting and developing into a new plant.
GA metabolism genes
Genes that regulate the metabolism of gibberellic acid.
Gibberellin 3-oxidase I and II
Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid.
Water imbibition
The process of a seed absorbing water.
Seed dormancy
A state of suspended growth and development in a seed.
GA mutant
A plant with a genetic mutation that affects the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid.
Testa
The seed coat.
Endosperm
The tissue surrounding the embryo in a seed.
GA-ABA balance
The balance between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the embryo and surrounding layers of a seed.
Environmental factors
Factors such as light and temperature that can influence seed germination.
Priming
A technique used to enhance seed germination by pre-treating seeds with certain substances.
Exogenous application
The application of a substance from an external source.
Phytohormones
Plant hormones that regulate various physiological processes.
Nitrogen-containing compounds
Compounds that contain nitrogen and can stimulate seed germination.
α-amylase activities
The activities of an enzyme called α-amylase, which is involved in the breakdown of starch during seed germination.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
The production of ATP, a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes.
Biostimulants
Substances or microorganisms that positively alter a plant's physiological processes to promote growth.
Seaweed extracts
Extracts derived from seaweed that can contain important phytohormones.
Humic substances
Organic compounds found in soil that can act as biostimulants.
Hydrolyzed proteins
Proteins that have been broken down into smaller peptides or amino acids.
Microorganisms
Small living organisms that can have beneficial effects on plant growth.
Epigeal germination
A type of germination where the cotyledons emerge from the soil along with the plumule.
Hypogeal germination
A type of germination where the cotyledons remain in the soil while the epicotyl elongates to push the plumule out.
Coleorhiza
A sheath that covers the radicle in monocot seeds.
Coleoptile
A sheath that covers the shoot in monocot seeds.
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