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Development
A process of change and improvement for people and the economy.
Development Gap
The difference in living standards between wealthy and poor nations, regions and communities
Economic indicator
Indicators linked to money, the economy and people’s standard of living
GNI per capita
Value of everything produced by a country inside and outside its borders divide by the country’s population
Least developed continent
Africa
What, in theory, happens as countries develop?
Quality of life and standard of living improve
Social indicator
Indicators that show people’s quality of life
Examples of social indicators
Life expectancy, infant mortality and adult literacy rate
Composite measure
A measure which takes more than one indicator into account
Human Development Index
A measure of how developed an country is based off of life expectancy, number of years in education, and GNI per capita to give a score between 0 and 1
Where is child labour still a major issue?
Asia and Africa
Topological map
A map that works by drawing the size of each country in proportion to the thing being measured
Single measure
An indicator of development in one specific area
Problem with single measures
They are a mean average and so hide inequalities between places and people
Problems with collecting data
It’s costly and time consuming especially in low income countries and newly emerging economies
What does a low birth rate suggest?
Women are pursuing a career first and delaying childbirth as a result.
What does low birth rate suggest 2?
Women are in countries where laws against child labour are enforced and contraception is available and affordable
Why is death rate unreliable as an indicator of development?
Developed nations have an aging population and might have a higher death rate than one with a youthful population but it doesn’t make us less developed
Demographic Transition Model
A graph showing how a country’s population should change as it develops
Stage 1 of DTM
High birth and death rates, population fluctuates but stays low and relatively stable
Stage 2 of DTM
Birth rate stays high but death rates significantly fall off and population rises with natural increase
Stage 3 of DTM
Birth rate starts to drop while death rate continues to fall and population keeps rising
Stage 4 of DTM
Death rate flattens off to a slight downhill with birth rate just above it and the population levels of with a little bit of growth
Stage 5 of DTM
Birth rate dips below death rate and population decreases slowly
Why do HICs have low birth rates?
Women choose to follow career paths instead of or before having children, giving them lest time to have children
Why do HICs have low birth rates 2?
The cost of raising children puts some adults off all together
Population structure
The breakdown of a population by age and gender
5 reasons for high birth rate in LICS
No access to, knowledge of or can’t afford contraception
Parents need children to be sent out to work and earn money
Parent need their children to look after them in old age
Girls rarely complete education so have little control or understanding of family planning
Girls often get married young as their lack of education means they can’t pursue careers and so have more time they are fertile in to have children
Colonialism
Countries controlling others
Environmental barriers to development
Harsh climates, pests, poor soils, disease, being landlocked
Historical barriers to development 2
When countries finally gained their independence many got into debt borrowing money to develop or made poor decisions as they had never governed themselves before
Health problems of HICs
Diseases of wealth like diabetes and heart disease and ailments of old age like dementia
Health problems of LICs and why they have high infant and maternal mortality and low life expectancy
General lack of wealth to invest in healthcare, people still live in isolated rural areas far away from essential services to keep them healthy, poor, extreme or unpredictable climates can negatively impact farming thus food provision and so health via mal-nutrition, hot, humid environments are perfect for disease like malaria carried by mosquitoes which cause serious illness
Migration
Movement of people from one place to another for more than a year
Factors triggering migration
War, climatic, instability, natural hazards and political persecution
Refugees
People leaving their country in search of safety and a better life
Investment to close development gap
Countries and TNCs putting resources into a country to create a factory that provides taxable employment which sparks PMEs and development
Debt relief
Cancelling debt so countries have more to spend on developing
Micro finance
Banks set up to help the local community (especially women) that lend small amounts of money to help people start small businesses
Aid to close the development gap
Countries getting sent resources, expertise and infrastructure for free to help them start developing
Fair trade
A company that makes sure all the products they have their sticker on send more back to the farmer so the farmer can have a guaranteed living wage to plan ahead in life
Intermediate technology
Tech that suits the skill level of local people and fulfils a needs of theirs to help them develop
