import people-ap euro

King Louis XIV

King Louis XIV

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves. The Sun God.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth I

ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Johan Tetzel

1517 AD. Sold indulgences to help pay for St. Peter's Basilica. "Whenever a coin in the coffers rings, a soul from Purgatory springs."

John Locke

Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development, (tabula rasa). Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Adam Smith

Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"

Cardinal Richelieu

King Louis XIII was a weak ruler and filled the void, more or less running the empire via his advice to the king. A clever politician and strategist, expanded royal power, punished dissent harshly, and built France into a great European power

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786)

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Mussolini

was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925.

Kruschev

USSR( second leader, berlin wall, secret speech, cuban missiles)communist reformer, a leader of soviet union and communism. responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union. (1953-64)

Winston Churchill

1874 to 1965; greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech; led the British during World War II; agreed Hitler should be conquered; was thrown out by his own people.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote "Candide". Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Henry IV

1st Bourbon King. ended french civil wars- Edict of Nantes- some religious protection of Huguenots ( French Potestants). Assassinated in 1610

Catherine de Medici

Was the wife of Henry II (Valois). She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). Ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

Napoleon

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

John Knox

He was a man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He was a passionate preacher who set to work reforming the Church of Scotland. He persuaded parliament to banish church authority; he then established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. (p.473)

Colbert

Created mercantilism and was able to connect France through industries and trade routes

Cromwell

chief minister. secretly protestant.used the opportunity to have Henry VIII work with parliament to secure the birth of the Anglican Church(Protestant)

Zwingli

a swiss priest. Led the Swiss protestant movement. Stressed salvation through faith alone and denounced many Catholic beliefs and practices, such as purgatory, and the sale of indulgences. Took communiun elements as figurative, not literally.

John Calvin

INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION: emphasized predestination and he rejected the medieval Church. he believed that the church and state should be united under the Calvinist faith

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. Father of humanism.

Philip II

King of Spain during the Spanish Armada. Married to Mary who was Henry VIII's daughter whose nickname was Bloody Mary because she killed so many protestants when she came to the throne in England.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Anne Bolyn

The women King Henry secretly married. The king had her beheaded for not giving him a son.

Otto von Bismarck

Known for German unification.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification.

Ignatius Loyola

he founded the Jesuits in 1534. He was a Spanish soldier, who while in war, shattered his leg. Because he had so long to wait for his leg to heal that he read a lot about Jesus and he also had trouble with how you can earn your salvation, and he believed that you could earn through ones actions. he organized the Jesuits like a military body.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Raphael

Italian painter whose works, including religious subjects, portraits, and frescoes, exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance.

Michaelangelo

One of the great Italian artists. He was known as a master. He not only painted portraits, but also designed buildings, wrote poetry, and painted murals on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

Hindenburg

named hitler chancellor. a war hero, was elected to be german president when he was 84 and in poor health. the nazis took full advantage of his old age

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Trotsky

A brilliant strategist who served as commander of the victorious Reds in the civil war and Lenin's advisor until Lenin's death. He was very persuasive and had charisma; he was very good at propaganda. He fought Stalin for the head job after Lenin's death in 1924, but lost.

Rasputin

Russian monk. Known for his sinful indulgences, his ability to cure Czarevich Alexis' hemophilia gave him power over Czar Nicholas II. He was assassinated in 1916.

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Frederick William IV

King of Prussia, agreed to abolish censorship, establish new constitution, and work for a united Germany.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist whose "Red Shirts" freed Sicily and southern Italy and then united it with northern Italy.

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Frans Ferdinand

heir to Austria-Hungary throne who was assinated, event started WWI