A&P CHAPTER 12 PT.1

dem girlz-big jade & erica banks (12.1-12.2)

integrative functions

decision making processes. carried out exclusively by the CNS. Maintains homeostasis, higher mental functions, and planting/monitoring movement.

brain

comprised of nervous and connective modified epithelial tissue. has ventricles that are filled with CSF. richly supplied with blood vessels. white matter in center, grey matter around

cerebrum

is the enlarged superior portion of the brain. It is composed of two halves known as the right and left cerebral hemispheres(which house two ventricles). responsible for our higher mental functions, including learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience, and it also plays major roles in sensation and movement.

diencephalon

the central core of the brain buried deep to the cerebral hemispheres. consists of four distinct structural parts and is responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of the brain; maintaining homeostasis of various physiological variables; regulation of movement; and biological rhythms.

cerebellum

posterior and inferior portion of the brain. functions in the planning and coordination of movement, particularly for complex activities such as playing an instrument or a sport. composed of two hemisphere

brainstem

connects brain and spinal cord. functions include control of basic involuntary processes such as the rate and depth of breathing, mediating certain reflexes, monitoring movement, and integrating and relaying information to other parts of the nervous system.

spinal cord

begins at foramen of skull and blends in with the brain stem. ends in the lumbar region. has a central canal filled with CSF. consists internally of gray matter containing nuclei that process stimuli, as well as tracts of white matter that surround these stimuli to and from the brain

white matter

connections of myelinated axons

grey matter

collections of unmyelinated axons, dendrites and cell bodies

tracts

a bundle of white matter

neural tube

A structure formed by the fourth week of development from which nervous tissue, the brain, and the spinal cord arise.

longitudinal fissure

The deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

sulci

shallow grooves

frontal lobe

The two anterior lobes of the cerebral hemispheres; responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions.

parietal lobe

lobes of the cerebral hemispheres located posterior to the frontal lobes; responsible for processing and integrating sensory information, and also function in attention. main gyrus is the postcentral gyrus, which sits just posterior to the central sulcus.

temporal lobe

Cerebral lobes located on the lateral surface of the cerebrum; perform functions related to hearing, language, memory, and emotions. on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral fissure.

occipital lobe

The posterior lobes of the cerebrum; process all information relating to vision. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcu

insulas

Deep lobes of the cerebrum; have functions relating to taste and to viscera. visible only when you pry the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes apart at the lateral fissure

cerebral cortex

The outer two millimeters of gray matter of the cerebrum that function in conscious processes. the most complex part of the brain.

neocortex

makes up the majority of the cerebral cortex. functions revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory stimuli, and complex higher functions

Subcortical processes

processes varied out blow the level of conscious thought.

association areas

integrate different types of stimuli. can be single-task or multiple-task

primary motor cortex

plans and executes movement

primary sensory cortices

first to receive and process sensory input

upper motor neurons

Interneurons located in precentral gyrus the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex that are involved in the conscious planning of movement; initiate movement via lower motor neurons of the PNS. control motor activity of opposite side of the body.

premotor cortex

located anterior to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe. involved in the planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement.

somatosensory areas

Two main areas of the cerebral cortex deal with the somatic senses, which are those pertaining to temperature or touch (mechanical deformation of a tissue), including vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position.

primary somatosensory cortex (s1)

located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

somatosensory association cortex (s2)

located posterior to S1, also in parietal lobe

broca’s area

A premotor multiple-task association area for speech located in the anterolateral frontal lobe; responsible for the ability to produce the motor actions necessary for language

wernicke’s area

An integrative multiple-task association area for speech located in the temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for the ability to understand and produce intelligible language.