FOR 232 Final

characteristics of elm-ash-cottonwood forests

-swampy

-often along rivers

-has bottomland hardwoods

What are the species most commonly associated with elm-ash-cottonwood forests?

American elm

Green ash

Eastern cottonwood

Silver maple

Swampy white oak

Characteristics of american elm

stump sprouter

produces a lot of seeds

Uses for american elm

Firewood

many medical and cultural uses

Threats to american elm

dutch elm disease

How does dutch elm disease work?

Moves through the root system like oak wilt

characteristics of green ash

adaptable

moderate tolerance

Threats to green ash

Emerald ash borer

characteristics of eastern cottonwood

short-lived

fast growth

very intolerant (1)

characteristics of silver maple

more restricted range than red maple

intermediate tolerance

Uses for silver maple

Pulp and pallets

Threats to silver maple

tar spot

anthracnose

what is tar spot?

disease that causes big black blotches on elm leaves and makes them fall early

What is anthracnose?

A fungus that causes brown spots on elm leaves and makes them fall early

Swamp white oak characteristics

Favorite of wood ducks

flooding tolerant

Species most commonly associated with red, jack, white pine forests

red pine

jack pine

lodgepole pine

eastern white pine

red pine characteristics

restricted to well drained sites and somewhat poor, acid soils

fire adapted

intolerant (2-3)

modal species

What does being a modal species mean?

Being a transition between multiple forest types

Red pine uses

Fiber production

Threats to red pine

flooding

road salt

red pine pocket decline

heterobasidion root disease

diplodia blight

jack pine characteristics

the only boreal pine

tolerates extremely dry sites

fire adapted; serotinous cones

very intolerant (1)

short-lived

Threats to jack pine

jack pine budworm

lodgepole pine characteristics

serotinous cones

lodgepole in the west, jack pine in the east

threats to lodgepole pine

mountain bark beetle

Eastern white pine characteristics

wide range of sites

intermediate tolerance (4-6)

Uses for eastern white pine

timber

threats to eastern white pine

road salt

soil compaction

white pine weevil

white pine blister rust

characteristics of spruce-fir forests

majority of range is north of us

dense conifer

species commonly associated with spruce-fir forests

balsam fir

white spruce

black spruce

What is the range for balsam fir?

Central and eastern US and Canada

Balsam fir characteristics

tolerant (8-10)

occurrence on wide soil range

intolerant of fire

threats to balsam fir

spruce budworm

balsam woolly adelgid

White spruce characteristics

Can grow extremely far north

grows on a variety of sites

moderately tolerant (4-6)

What is the successional pattern for white spruce?

1. Fire eliminates or reduces white spruce

2. black spruce colonizes

3. white spruce re-invades

White spruce uses

plantation species

ornamental

lacing canoes and baskets

Threats to white spruce

spruce budworm

Why is spruce budworm an issue?

Fire suppression led to abundance of ideal habitat

kills a lot of trees via defoliation

black spruce characteristics

slow growing

sites vary

high tolerance (8-9)

threats to black spruce

spruce budworm

dwarf mistletoe

Bee tree management considerations

resistant varieties

sanitation for disease

cultural practices

chemical applications

bee tree site selection

Things to consider for bee tree site selection

Slope

airflow

plant hardiness zone

soil

What is the plant hardiness zone based on?

minimum winter temperature a tree can tolerate

What should you consider when choosing between bee trees?

cross pollination and overlapping bloom dates

early blooming and frost

What causes winter tree issues?

freezing

temperature fluctuations

heavy snow or ice loads

root damage

hungry animals

What soil characteristics does salt impact?

soil structure

soil pH

water infiltration

mycorrhizal fungi

How does salt damage plants?

tissue dehydration and death

nutrient imbalance

How can you minimize salt damage to trees?

plant salt tolerant trees

maximize mechanical removal

chloride free deicers

How do ice storms cause damage to trees?

They increase the weight on branches which causes breaking

what is desiccation?

When transpiration > moisture absorption

How can you prevent desiccation?

water after leaf-off

mulch

placement of trees

What climate factors should be considered when choosing a tree to plant?

Cold hardiness

heat tolerance

water needs

What functional factors should be considered when choosing a tree to plant?

shade trees

street trees

screens

windbreaks

Trees for dry, sandy soil

Shagbark hickory

hackberry

juniper

red pine

black oak

trees for a dry moisture extreme

gray dogwood

juniper

bur oak

Trees for a wet moisture extreme

Red stemmed dogwood

swamp white oak

willows

baldcypress