Campbell Biology 12th edition: Chapter 31

fungi

diverse and widespread

- yeast and molds

- needed in terrestrial ecosystems

- 1.5 million species

why fungi is needed in terrestrial ecosystems

they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

nutrition of fungi

heterotrophs

- absorb nutrients from outside into their system

roles of fungi

decomposers

parasites

mutualistic

most common body structures

multicellular filaments or yeasts

(some can grow as both)

hyphae

branching filaments of mold

septate

divisions in hyphae cells

coenocytic or nonseptate

together; don't have divisions in their cells

mycelium

a mass of hyphae

mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

mold reproduction

sexual and asexual spores

asexual- cloning

sexual- sexual reproduction

(can flip between both)

favorable/unfavorable reproduction

favorable (asexual)

unfavorable (sexual)

yeast reproduction

asexual

(budding)

budding

new cell grows out of the body of a parent

(breaking points)

saprobe

decomposers

- absorb nutrients from their hosts

- benefit host

lichen

cross between photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

- grows in damp/ no sunlight enviornment

photosynthetic microorganisms in lichens

cyanobacteria/ algae

- inner layer below lichen surface

fungus in lichens

an ascomycete

- provides enviornment for growth

- sexual and asexual

mass of fungal hyphae

has Millions of photosynthetic cells

algae in lichens

produces carbon compounds

cyanobacteria in lichens

produces carbon compounds and nitrogren

lichen asexual rep.

fragmentation

- making soredia

soredia

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

lichen history

pioneers to modify rocks and soil for plants

most parasitic/pathogenic fungi

are in plants

consequences of parasitic fungi

looses fruit harvest

attacks food crops toxic to humans

ergot

a type of parasitic fungi

- produces neurotoxin

- causes death tissue, and LSD properties

mycosis

the general term for a fungal infection in animals

types of human mycosis

ringworm

athletes foot

systemic mycoses

spread through the body

opportunistic mycoses

Fungal infections are not systemic

practical uses of fungi

- used to consume cheese alcohol and bread

- used to make antibiotics for treating bacterial infections

fungi in biotechnology

- use fungi to see genes in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease

- make insulin-like growth factors

-can produce biofuel

pseudopod

a flowing projection of cytoplasm that extends and pulls amoeba forward or engulf food

plasmodium causes what disease

Malaria in humans