Module 8: Urinary System

Urine formation and excretion

Acid base balance

Water retention and conservation

Maintenance of extracellular potassium ion conc.

Endocrine function

Five basic components of renal function

Erythropoetin

Produced in response to low oxygeb tension which then stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocyte

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Produced by JG cells stimulates production of angiotensin that constrict afferent arterioles.

1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

Active form of vitamin D

Azotemia

Excess nitrogenous substance in the blood as a result of kidney insufficiency

Uremia

Accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urien which produces a severe toxic condition

Renal aplasia (renal agenesis)

Failure of development of one or both kidneys. Congenital.

Renal hypoplasia

Incomplete development of kidneys

Renal dysplasia

Abnormality in differentiation of kidney tissue. Characterized by disorganized development of the renal parenchyma

Ectopic and fused kidneys

Misplaced from normal sub-lumbar location. Kidney that is not located in its usual position in the abdomen.

Ren arcuatus/ “Horse-shoe kidneys”

Fusion of kidneys in horse.

Renal dysplasia or malformation

Ren arcuatus also known as?

Cystinuria

Excretiin of large quantuties of cystine in the urine. hereditary kidney disorder that causes an abnormal buildup of the animo acid cystine in the urien

Glucosuria

Capacity of reabsorbed glucose is reduced. Refers to presence of glucose in the urien.

Renal cortical necrosis

result in widspreaf thrombosis that occurs in glomerular cappilaries, interlobular arteries afferent arterioles

Renal ortical hemorrhages

Occur in association with many septicemic diseases ad results from vasculitis or vascular necrosis

Renal infarcts

Area of coagulative necrosis that results from ischemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thrombosis and aseptic emboli

• severe hypotension associated with shock

• Complete ishemia more than 2 hours

• Prolonged ischemia

• Hemoglobin/ RBC stromal component toxicity

• Heavy metals (mercury, lead)

• Antibacterials and antifungals

• Excessive/ prolonged Vit D supplementation

Causes of acute tubular necrosis

Nephritis

Inflam of kidney

Pyelonephritis

Inflam of renal pelvis

Ureteritis

Inflam of ureter

Cystitis

Inflam of urinary bladder

Urethritis

Inflam of urethra

Polyuria

Increased urine production

Oliguria

Decreased urine production

Anuria

Absence of urine

Stranguria

Slow and painful discharge of yrine drip by drop produced by spasmodic musclular contraction of the urethra

Hematuria

Presence of blood in urine