day 3 exams kms

whats a gene

How a gene is represented in the chromosome

whats an allele

different version of a gene

what’s a genome

the complete set of all genetic information in an organism, contained in its DNA

difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes

autosomes - found in both male and female individual

sex chromosomes - 23rd pair of chromosomes, contains sex chromosomes

what is the nature of a pair of homologous chromosomes carrying the same gene loci

same gene loci have the same genes at the same locations, one inherited from each parent

whats the significance in the crossing over if chromatids and independent assortment for genetic diversity

prophase I - crossing over = creates genetic diversity

Anaphase II, sister chromatids separate = daughter haploid cells, not identical

process of meiosis to make haploid gametes

IPMAT I, PMAT II

interphase, prophase metaphase, anaphase, telophase 

codominance

both alleles for a trait are expressed in the offspring, phenotype that displays both traits

incomplete dominance

one allele doesn't completely mask the presence of another allele in a heterozygous individual

how does genetic material, environmental and epigenetic factprs affect phenotypes

changes which genes are turned on, therefore which phenotype is present

dna methylation- turns certain nucleotides off

histone modification- packaging of dna is either too tight or too loose

whats a test cross

a genetic cross used to determine the unknown genotype of an organism that displays a dominant trait

whats a monohybrid cross

studies the inheritance of a single trait, such as flower color or height, by tracking the alleles of one gene

whats a dihybrid cross

meiosis 1

meoisis 2

bioethical issue

moral conflict/question that arises from advances in sciences, medicine and biotech

approaches to bioethics

• consequence-based approach-

- aims to maximize positive outcome, minimize negative outcomes

• rule-based approach

- promotes decision maker to follow a rule/procedure without questioning it reguardless of individual circumstances or context

• virtue based approach

- decison making based on moral compass, expected to act good, honest, kind

ethical concepts

• integrity

commitment to truth

consistent behavior

refers to openness to scrutiny and criticism

• justice

emphasizes fair distribution of resources and equal access to benefits of an action, treats everyone the same, how they should be treated

• beneficence

seeking to maximize benefit of others

• non-maleficence

commitment to minimizing harm

sometimes the cost of restricting features

• respect

upholding value of others (beliefs, freedoms, autonomy)

what is klinefelter's syndrome

an extra X chromosome in individuals who are genetically male (47,XXY).

Common features: Tall stature, long limbs, learning disabilities, and a broad range of other health issues that may appear later in life.

what is down syndrome

An extra, full copy of chromosome 21

'Common features: A range of physical characteristics at birth (like a flat face and upward-slanting eyes) and a higher risk of certain health problems, such as heart defects, hearing and vision issues, and gastrointestinal defects.

The components of Australia's current food system include:

Primary productio

The design brief is important in the process of product development as it

Defines the aims and intentions of a few product and its specifications

One of the main responsibilities of the state government in food safety is to

Approve all food safety auditors

Why has there been an increase in the amount of food imported into Australia

A period of drought of many years has meant farmers have not been able to produce enough food to meet demand

How do we detect the aroma of food

The chemical molecules in the food are drawn into the olfactory cells of the nose

Two current economic trends or issues in Australian farming and fisheries production

Aquaculture & Organic food production

Aquaculture

An increasing trend to the production of fish through aquaculture production 43 per cent of all fish produced in Australia

Organic food production

An increasing demand for organic food amongst Australian consumers. Has grown by 15 per cent

Why is signing a "free-trade" agreement an advantage to Australian farmers

A free-trade agreement gives Aussie farmers the potential to significant increase the amount of food they expert because tariffs have been removed. Increase demand doe Aussie produce

Describe the role of the federal government in ensuring a safe food supply for all Aussies

Responsibility of ensuring a safe food supply for all consumers in Aus. It develops and reviews all legislation in relation to the food supply through food standards Aus new zealand

When food is imported into Australia it is subjected to biosecurity protocols. Identify 2 strategies used by the staff of the department or agriculture and water resources to ensure that food imported into Australia is safe

X Ray machines & detector dogs

What is large scale cropping

Is a highly mechanised production system that uses large scale machinery eg computer operated systems

Two areas in Australia where wheat is grown

South west Australia & north west Victoria

Two reasons there has been a rapid increase in poultry production in Australia

1. Chicken cuts and offal are also widely exported to Asian countries within our region
2. Chicken is considered to be an economical meat for Aus consumers and is cheaper than many red meats such as beef or lamb

Two leading Aus food processing companies & identify two main types of food

1. Devondale- tasty cheese

The difference between proprietary products and private label products

The proprietary brand is a product that the manufacturing company will sell using a brand name eg tip top bread
A private label product sells under the name of a super market eg Coles

The food service sector influences the food choices that consumers make

Ready to cook meals for time poor consumers
And components of a meal that only require the additional of a protein ingredients such as curry base

Consumer rights organisations use the media to influence consumers food shopping habits.

Consumers rights organisations such as RSPCA provide animal welfare. Eg hens need more space for having eggs

Consumer rights organisations "choice" has run a campaign to have plan oil specially identified on food labels on food labels rather then under the generic title "vegetable oil"

• replacing rain forests which are the natural home of orangutan
• orangutan becoming endangered
• affecting the environment
• identifying palm oil of the label allows consumer to become informed about the product

One type of information that could be obtained by undertaking market research when designing a new food product

New trends in society such as the demand for foods that provide a health benefit

Three reasons why the development of a prototype or product testing is a value component of the design process

• Determine the best ingredient combination
• calculate the shelf life of the product
• determine the most efficient production processes

Quantitative analysis- definition

Involves scientific tests that can be used to measure the physical features of food products

Qualitative analysis- definition

Involves sensory tests that are used to rate or sensory properties of food

Quantitative analysis- important for the manufacturer in the development of new food products

Meets the standards in the food standards code

Qualitative analysis- important for the manufacturer in the development of new food products

Appealing to consumers and helps guarantee the quality of the product

Facial hedonic descriptors preference test

• Used with children
• describe if u liked it or not

Three strategies to follow when setting up a tasting panel to compare food products

Maximum five products
Each person takes the same test
Water or small fry biscuit taken in between to cleanse palate

Reasons why food is wasted

Buying to much
Not stored properly
Letting food go out of date

Two strategies a family could use to reduce the amount of fat in recipes and meals prepared in the home

Increase veggies in meals
Avoid frying or roaring food
Use non-sticking frying pan

Radiation- no direct contact

Rays of heat eg. Toaster no direct contact

Convection

Occurs when the molecules in liquids or gases move from a warmer area to a cooler one. Eg baking roasting simmering

Conduction- direct conduct

Occurs when heat is transferred from one molecule to another by collision or movement eg shallow frying

Microwaving

In microwave cooking energy is transferred to the food by electromagnetic radiation

What is sodium

Salt

Aeration

incorporating air into food using biological or mechanical means

biological - yeast/fermentation emitting co2

mechanical - mixing/whisking

coagulation

permanent change

proteins change because of heat or addition of acid

liquid → thick mass

e.g thickening of egg white and yolk when cooked

milk turning into cheese or yogurt

dextrinization

breakdown of starch into dextrins when exposed to dry heat

results in change in colour to golden brown

e.g toasting bread

gelatinisation

thickening process

occurs when starch granules absorb liquid and swell in the presence of heat

forms a gel

e.g making a white sauce by heating flour and milk together

Carmelisation

heating of sugar or foods containing sugar

produces a golden-brown colour and distinct flavor

e.g toffee

Denaturation

permanent structural change of protein molecules

occurs though application of heat, mechanical action or addition of acid

Emulsification

process of mixing two liquids which don’t usually combine

e.g oil and water

Maillard reaction

chemical reaction between a protein and a sugar

produces a golden-brown colour when dry heat is applied

Examples of starch

flour, cornflower, rice, potato flour, rice flour, pasta

reactions:

milliard reaction

dextrinization

gelatinization

Examples of sugar

granular, caster, raw, brown, golden syrup

reactions:

Millard reaction

caramelization

aeration

Examples of Fats and Oils

butter, canola oil, lard, olive oil, rice bran oil, coconut oil

reactions:

emulsification

aeration

examples of protein

meat, eggs, fish, poultry, diary

reactions:

denaturization

coagulation

emulsification

aeration

Millard reaction

Examples of chemical raising agents

Bicarb soda- alkali, requires acid to work, needs to be mixed with an acid (vinegar, golden syrup, honey, sugar

Baking powder- contains bicarb soda with an acid powder, can be mixed with water

Yeast- biological raising agent, moisture, warmth, sugar (food)

Examples of mechanical raising agent

physical movement to create air pockets

what is conduction

touching the pan - direct heat

what is convection

circulation of heat - oven

what is radiation

chemical air

what are the macro nutrients 

Carbohydrates

Protein

Fats

What does the CHOICES acrynum mean

C- cultural restrictions (in season, cutlery, geographic location)

H- health conditions (allergies, intolerances, diseases)

O- obtaining nutrients for life span stage (life span stages)

I- individual tastes and preferences (balance food preferences, meals will need adaptations)

C- considering activity levels (age, higher = more food intake)

E- ethical restrictions (vegans, vegetarians)

S- spiritual/religious restrictions (religions, faith, elimination of some foods)

atmospheric polution

contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere

terrestrial pollution

contamination of soil and land components with harmful substances that can adversely affect human health and the environment

water pollution

the contamination of a water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean, by harmful substances that degrade its quality and can be toxic to the environment and human health.

light polution

the inappropriate or excessive use of artificial light at night, which disrupts ecosystems, affects human and wildlife health, and obscures the night sky

noise pollution

noise above 65 decibels (dB)

thermal pollution

the degradation of water quality by any process that changes the ambient water temperature

heavy metal pollution

the contamination of the environment by high concentrations of metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium, caused primarily by human activities such as industrial processes, mining, and agriculture

waste

unwanted or unusable materials that are discarded after use, including household trash, hazardous materials, and wastewater

contaminant

a polluting or poisonous substance that makes something impure.

pollutant

any substance or energy introduced into the environment that causes harm or contamination.

how can pollutants be transported

water - Water soluble pollutants and non water soluble pollutants enter streams rivers and lakes

air - Still warm conditions can trap air pollution around urban areas/ When it rains some air pollutants dissolve into the rain becoming acid rain

what are the sources for pollution

Direct pollution - eg factory discharging effluent into a creek

Indirect pollution - Agricultural runoff (Nitrogen rich fertilisers)

point sources emissions

Release from on point, such as industry - can be controlled by scrubbers etc

diffuse source emissions

harder to control 

Fugitive - difficult to control (eg mining)

Mobile - eg Cars (Pollution controls on engine)

pollution sinks

• Nitrite (NO₂-) Produces Acid rain when removed from the atmosphere via rain

• Nitrate (NO₃-) Plants uses this pollutant to make proteins

• Oceans trap CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide) via photosynthesis of seagrass and algae

• Land plants trap CO₂ via photosynthesis and store the carbon in their body mass

• Heavy metals settle out in wetlands remaining trapped in the sediments

bioaccululation

The accumulation over time in an organism of substances. These substances can be beneficial such as vitamin A, D and K or toxic such as mercury.

bioconcentration

 is a type of bioaccumulation when a substance that is not food accumulates in the body of the individual

biomagnificagtion

 is the process by which toxic substances are magnified the further up the food chain you go.

scale of environmental impacts

Local (a few square kilometers - chemical spill/ contamination of a block of land

Regional (Large distinct area) - photochemical smog soil salinity

Global (international impact) - greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and acid rain

hazards

defined as factors that threaten or impair human health

epidemiology

try to find cause and effect of factors and population illness

how can we manage environmental health

Health in Australia is under the jurisdiction of Federal and state governments of Health

Environment in Australia is under the jurisdiction of Federal and state government of Environment

That is two separate departments

Exposure

Measure of how much pollutant a person is exposed to 

• Ingested via food or drink

• Inhaled into lungs and then into the blood

• Dermal absorption

persistant chemicals 

(not break down) this increases the possibility of exposure

environmental indicators

Physical 

The measurement of a physical feature such as sunlight reaching the forest floor or the creek bottom and temperature.

Chemical

The measurement of the present of chemical factors such as carbon monoxide or the amount of oxygen, nitrogen or phosphate in a creek.

Biological

The measure of the presence or absence of a particular species of plant, animal or microbe.

Social-economic

Measures the cost relating to people and society around health and wellbeing, regeneration projects and environmental regulation.

Read Environmental indicators for air quality

ecological niche

he ecological niche of an organism tells us what the organism does in the ecosystem (producer/herbivore/carnivore, links in the food web and how it fits into the biogeochemical cycles)

Generalists - species that occupy a broad ecological niche and feed on many things

Specialist - a species that has a specialized ecological niche and may only feed on a few types of organisms

range of tolerance

Species can only survive within the tolerance range of different factors (physical or chemical).