Apes - Living in the Environment Chapter 6

cultural carrying capacity

The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations. (128)

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year. (130)

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year. (103)

fertility rate

The number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. (130)

replacement-level fertility rate

The average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves. (130)

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years. (130)

life expectancy

The average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live (133)

infant mortality rate

The number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before their first birthday. (133)

migration

The movement of people out of a specific geographic area (134)

immigration

The movement of people into a specific geographic area (134) factor in population increase

age structure

The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population. (135)

demographic transition

A hypothesis of population change that says that as countries become industrialized and economically developed, first their death rates decline and then their birth rates decline. This happens in four distinct stages. (139)

urbanization

people living in urban areas have better access to family planning

factors that affect birth and fertility rates

urbanization, infant mortality, availability or lack of pension systems, education and employment for women, average age at marriage, availability of abortions, religious and cultural beliefs

why do many analysts consider the US to be the most overpopulated country

because of its high rate of resource use per person

equation for population change

pop change= (births + Immigration)-(deaths + emigration)

What 3 factors led to the cause of the "J" exponential population increase?

humans developed the ability to expand into all climate zones and habitats, emergence of modern agriculture, death rates dropped due to improved sanitation and health care

What was Thomas Malthus hypothesis?

That human population increased exponentially and food resources increased linearly

Was Thomas Malthus hypothesis correct?

No

Is the American ecological footprint larger or smaller than India or China?

4.5 times larger than China and 9.5 times larger than India

How do some people believe we can manage our increasing population?

technological advances such as food production and medicine and finding replacements for resources that we are depleting

How are we altering nature to meet our needs?

Reducing biodiversity,

Increasing use of net productivity,

Increasing genetic resistance in pest species and bacteria,

Eliminating natural predators,

Introducing harmful species into natural communities, Using renewable resources faster than they can be replenished,

Disrupting natural chemical cycling and energy flow, Relying on polluting and climate-changing fossil fuels

What is the key factor that determines population size

average number of children born to women

Several factors that affect death rates

food supplies, nutrition, medicine, sanitation, safe water

what is the best measure of a societies quality of life?

Infant mortality rates because it reflects a general level of nutrition and health care

Three factors that keep infant mortality rates high in the US

inadequate health care, drug addiction of teen moms,

high teenage birthrates

three factors for population increase,

births, deaths, immigration

A population of mostly older people does what?

can decline rapidly

How can we slow population growth?

reduce poverty through economic development and education, elevate the status of women, encourage family planning and birth control

preindustrial state

pop grows slow, high birth and death rate.. ie Africa

transitional

pop rapidly expands birth rates high, death rates low

Industrial

pop growth slows, birth and death rates drop... improved standard of living and health care

post industrial

pop growth levels off and declines birth rates = death rates and fall below death rates

Why is the size of the human population important?

It is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits

What is the impact of resource use per person?

expands the ecological footprint and puts a strain on the earth's resources