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What does ST Depression indicate in terms of cardiac ischemia?
It indicates ischemia; seen in subendocardial ischemia or as reciprocal changes in STEMI.
What does ST Elevation signify in a patient?
It indicates acute myocardial infarction (STEMI); caused by complete occlusion of a coronary artery.
What characterizes a Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) on an ECG?
Widened QRS complex (>120 ms), broad or notched R wave in V6; can mask STEMI changes.
What is the typical presentation of a Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)?
Widened QRS complex (>120 ms), rsR' pattern ('bunny ears') in V1; commonly benign but may indicate strain on the right heart.
What are Reciprocal Changes in the context of ST elevation?
ST depression seen in leads opposite the area of ST elevation; confirms STEMI diagnosis.
Which artery is affected in a Lateral MI?
Left Circumflex (LCx) or Diagonal branches of LAD.
Which leads demonstrate ST Elevation in a Lateral MI?
ST Elevation in I, aVL, V5, V6; Reciprocal ST Depression in III and aVF.
Which artery is involved in an Inferior MI?
Right Coronary Artery (RCA) or Left Circumflex (LCx).
What leads show ST Elevation during an Inferior MI?
ST Elevation in II, III, aVF; Reciprocal ST Depression in I and aVL.
What artery is affected in an Anterior MI?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery.
What leads are affected in an Anterior MI?
ST Elevation in V1-V4; Reciprocal ST Depression in inferior leads (II, III, aVF).
Which artery is affected in a Septal MI?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery.
What leads are affected in a Septal MI?
ST Elevation in V1-V2.
What artery is involved in a Posterior MI?
Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) from RCA or LCx.
What leads demonstrate ST changes in a Posterior MI?
ST Depression in V1-V3; confirmed with ST Elevation in V7-V9.
Which artery is affected in a Right Ventricular MI?
Right Coronary Artery (RCA).
What leads show ST Elevation in a Right Ventricular MI?
ST Elevation in V4R; often accompanies an inferior MI.
What does T wave inversion suggest in ECG interpretation?
It may indicate myocardial ischemia or infarction; often seen in patients with CAD.
What is the significance of Q waves developing in an ECG over time?
They can indicate a previous myocardial infarction, reflecting myocardial necrosis.
What can be inferred from prolonged QT interval on an ECG?
It indicates a risk for Torsades de Pointes and other arrhythmias, possibly due to electrolyte imbalances or medications.
What is the usual heart rate range for sinus bradycardia?
Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
What is a possible cause of sinus tachycardia?
Increased metabolic demand such as due to fever, anxiety, or physical exercise.
What does the presence of ST segment elevation in combination with Q waves signify?
It indicates an acute myocardial infarction that has been sustained, suggesting an evolved ischemia.
What is the typical lead placement for a 12-lead ECG?
Six limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) and six chest leads (V1-V6) placed on the thorax.
What is the clinical significance of a delta wave in an ECG?
It suggests Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, a type of pre-excitation syndrome.
How does atrial fibrillation typically appear on an ECG?
It shows an irregularly irregular rhythm with no discernible P waves.
What is a hallmark sign of hyperkalemia on an ECG?
Tall, peaked T waves are characteristic of hyperkalemia.
What does a peaked T wave suggest on an ECG?
It is a common sign of hyperkalemia.
What indicates ischemia in the context of ST segment changes?
ST depression indicates ischemia, often seen in subendocardial ischemia.
What is the effect of a complete occlusion of a coronary artery?
It leads to ST elevation, indicating an acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).
What does an irregularly irregular rhythm on an ECG typically indicate?
It is characteristic of atrial fibrillation.
What happens to the QRS complex duration in a Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)?
The QRS complex is widened, typically greater than 120 ms.
What leads are typically monitored for signs of ischemia?
Leads II, III, aVF for inferior MI; I, aVL, V5, V6 for lateral MI.
What does a combination of ST segment elevation and the presence of Q waves indicate?
It suggests a sustained myocardial infarction.
What are the characteristic features of a Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)?
Widened QRS complex, often with an rsR' pattern in V1.
What does T wave inversion usually signify?
It may indicate myocardial ischemia or prior infarction.
What does the presence of reciprocal changes indicate in ST elevation?
It confirms the diagnosis of STEMI.
