Health and Human Development UNIT 4 AOS2 (74 questions and answers)

What is Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Goal developed by the United Nations that build upon and replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which expired in 2015. There are 17 goals that have been developed and that the UN aims to achieve these by 2030.

what do the 17 factors work together to achieve 7

end extreme poverty and hunger

address diseases and promote health and wellbeing

empower women and girls

tackle climate change

fight inequalities within and among countries

build peaceful, just and inclusive societies

protect human rights.

what are the 7 factors of the SDG

SDG 1: No poverty

SDG 2: Zero hunger

SDG 4: Quality education

SDG 5: Gender equality

SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production.

ASD 3: Good health and wellbeing

description for health and wellbeing SDG 3

ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELLBEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES

SDG 3 aims to promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in low-, middle- and high-income countries.

factors behind health and wellbeing sdg

reduce maternal mortality to fewer than 70 per 100 000 live births

end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five, reducing neonatal mortality to 12 per 1000 live births and under-5 mortality to 25 per 1000 live births

end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD), and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other communicable diseases

reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by one-third through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and wellbeing

strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol

halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services

achieve universal health coverage, including access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines

reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate

support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable and non-communicable diseases and provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines

increase investment in healthcare services and qualified healthcare staff, especially in low-income countries and small island developing states

strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks.

outcome targets for health and wellbeing

v

the three factors in health and wellbeing

- maternal and child health wellbeing

-communicable diseases

-non communicable diseases

What are the 3 Rationale of the SDGs?

- To build upon the progress of the MDGs: The MDGs were useful goals but they expired in 2015, so the SDGs were designed by the UN to ensure we keep moving forward in improving global health and wellbeing and human development.

- An emergence of new global challenges: There were new global challenges which, if not address could have destabilised the progress the MDGs made. These include; terrorism, climate change, migration and COVID-19.

- To address uneven progress of the MDGs: Some countries and groups experienced higher levels development while others were disadvantaged as a result of poverty, ethnicity and disability.

5 Areas Of Action

People: We are committed to ending poverty and hunger, ensuring everyone can live with dignity, equality, and in a healthy environment.

Planet: We are committed to protecting the planet through sustainable consumption, resource management, and urgent climate action to meet the needs of present and future generations.

Partnership: We are committed to revitalizing global partnerships to achieve sustainable development, focusing on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable, with the participation of all countries and stakeholders.

Peace: We are committed to fostering peaceful, just, and inclusive societies free from fear and violence, as peace and sustainable development are interconnected.

Prosperity: We are committed to ensuring that everyone can lead prosperous and fulfilling lives, with economic and technological progress in harmony with nature.

(SDG 1) No Poverty - The Welfare Sector

Ending poverty in all forms everywhere.

Key features:

- Eradicating extreme poverty

- Reducing the number of individuals living in poverty

- Implement social protection systems

How can SDG 1 work towards improving Health and Wellbeing and Human Development?

Implementing social protection systems, such as welfare payments, helps more parents send their children to school. These children may improve their resilience, promoting emotional health and wellbeing. Accessing knowledge allows children to enhance their capabilities, including employment opportunities, promoting human development.

How can the achievement of SDG 1 promote SDG 3?

By eradicating extreme poverty, more individuals can afford access to healthcare, such as vaccinations.

This may help end epidemics of vaccine-preventable communicable diseases like hepatitis A, promoting the achievement of SDG 3. Additionally, nationally appropriate social protection systems, including welfare payments, can help alleviate stress for individuals. This promotes mental health, contributing to the achievement of SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 1?

The global reduction of non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, increases individuals' ability to work more productively in their occupations. This helps them earn income, which in turn reduces global poverty rates, promoting the achievement of SDG 1. Additionally, ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 increases these children's ability to attend school and develop intellectual capabilities. This improves their employment prospects and their ability to earn a decent income, helping to reduce extreme poverty and achieve SDG 1.

(SDG 2) Zero hunger - The Agricultural and Nutrition Sectors

End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

Key features:

- Ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition globally

- Make sure all people have access to nutritious food all year round by promoting sustainable agriculture

- increase agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers

How can SDG 2 work towards improving health and wellbeing and human development?

Ending all forms of malnutrition helps individuals build stronger immune systems, promoting physical health and wellbeing. This also increases their physical abilities, which promotes human development.

How can the achievement of SDG 2 promote SDG 3?

By ending all forms of malnutrition globally, more children can achieve proper nutrition, reducing preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5, while promoting SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 2?

Achieving SDG 3, which focuses on reducing global maternal mortality, enables more women to work and provide income for their families, allowing them to purchase nutritious food, thereby promoting SDG 2 and ending all forms of malnutrition.

Addressing non-communicable diseases, including mental health conditions like depression, helps farmers complete their work and implement sustainable agricultural practices such as crop rotation, promoting SDG 2.

(SDG 3) Good Health and Wellbeing - The Health Sector

To ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all ages.

Key Features:

- Reducing global maternal mortality

- Ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age (IMR & U5MR)

- Ending epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis & other communicable diseases

- Reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases

- Promoting mental health and wellbeing.

- Reducing global deaths/injuries from road traffic accidents

- Ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services

- Achieving universal health coverage

- Strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse

(SDG 4) Quality Education - The Education Sector

To Ensuring inclusive, equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Key Feature:

- Ensuring all children can complete free, equitable and quality education at all levels of achieve competency in literacy and numeracy

- Promoting the technical and vocational skills required for employment

- Eliminating gender disparity in education

- Building and upgrading education facilities globally

How can SDG 4 work towards improving health and wellbeing and human development?

Achieving SDG 4 ensures all children have access to equal education, improving job prospects, earning potential, and promoting mental health. With more income, individuals can access healthcare, supporting human development.

Eliminating gender gaps in education allows more girls to attend school, fostering a sense of belonging and promoting spiritual wellbeing. In school, students can reach their full intellectual potential, further promoting human development.

How can the achievement of SDG 4 promote SDG 3?

Achieving SDG 4 ensures all children have equal access to education, which promotes health literacy, such as the importance of not smoking, helping to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases like lung cancer, and promoting SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 4?

SDG 3, which focuses on achieving universal health coverage, may lead governments to shift funding towards education systems where gender disparities are eliminated, thereby promoting SDG 4.

(SDG 5) Gender Equality - The Public Sector

To Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Key Features:

- Ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

- Eliminating all forms of violence against all women and girls

- Eliminating all harmful practises against women and girls

- Ensuring women's full and effective participation in decision making at all levels of life

How can SDG 5 work towards improving health and wellbeing and human development?

Ensuring that all women can participate in decision-making, including choosing when and whom to marry, promotes a sense of purpose and meaning in life, enhancing spiritual health and wellbeing. This also enables women to participate in other decisions, such as elections, allowing more individuals to engage in community life and promoting human development.

How can the achievement of SDG 5 promote SDG 3:

Achieving SDG 5, which involves eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls, including sex trafficking, results in fewer women and girls being forced into sexual exploitation or prostitution. This helps to end epidemics of communicable diseases like HIV and AIDS, promoting SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 5?

Achieving SDG 3, which focuses on strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, can help reduce domestic violence against women, thus contributing to the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls and supporting SDG 5.

(SDG 6) Clean Water and Sanitation - The Water and Sanitation Sector

Ensuring availability and sustainability management of water and sanitation for all

Key Features:

- Achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

- Achieving access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all

- Promoting the safe reuse of water globally.

How can SDG 6 work towards improving health and wellbeing and human developement?

Achieving SDG 6, which focuses on universal access to safe drinking water, helps individuals avoid waterborne diseases like cholera, promoting physical health and wellbeing. When people are free from these diseases, they can reach their full physical potential, supporting human development.

SDG 6 also involves improving sanitation infrastructure, such as better toilets. This reduces the need for open defecation, lowering stress and anxiety about personal privacy and promoting mental health. Improved sanitation encourages more individuals to attend school, where they can access knowledge and further human development.

How can the achievement of SDG 6 promote SDG 3?

Achieving SDG 6, which focuses on universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water, can help end epidemics of communicable diseases, specifically waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery, thereby promoting SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 6?

Achieving SDG 3, which focuses on ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5, allows more children to grow up and go to school. There, they can learn about the importance of good sanitation practices, such as frequent handwashing, which further promotes SDG 3.

(SDG 13) Climate Action - The Environment Sector

To take urgent action to combat climate change and the impacts

Key Features:

- Strengthen the resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to climate related hazards and natural disasters

- improve education, awareness-raising and the capacity of people and organisations to take actions that reduce or prevent environmental degradation

How can SDG 13 work towards improving health and wellbeing and human development?

Improving climate change education in schools can help children feel more hopeful about the future and sustainability. It can also support their mental health and give them the knowledge to make positive changes, promoting their personal development and well-being.

How can the achievement of SDG 13 promote SDG 3?

Combating climate change and building resilience to natural disasters can reduce their severe impact on communities, allowing governments to redirect funds toward universal health coverage, supporting the achievement of SDG 3.

How can the achievement of SDG 3 promote SDG 13?

Achieving SDG 3, which focuses on ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5, allows more children to grow up and attend school. Through education, they can gain greater awareness of climate change mitigation, supporting the goals of SDG 13.

The World Health Organisation is a...

Branch of the United Nations concerned primarily with promoting global health and wellbeing. the WHO provides leadership in engaging and supporting countries to respond to a range of global issues and improve the overall health outcomes of their citizen.

What are the 3 Core WHO priorities?

-healthier populations promote

6 billion people will enjoy healthier lives

climate change

determinants

-unviversal health coverage provide

5 billion people will benefit from universal health care without financial hardship

p

inequalities

-health emergiencies prevent

7 billion people will be better protected from health emergencies

prevent

rapid

WHO OBJECTIVES

climate change

determinants

primary

equity/inequality

prevent

rapid

Priority 3: Promoting Healthier Populations objectives promote

Respond to climate change, which is an increasing health threat

Address health determinants and the main causes of ill health

Priority 1: Achieving Universal Health Coverage the objective Provide

-Advance primary health care and essential health system capacities for universal health coverage

-Improve health service coverage and financial protection to address inequity and gender inequalities

how does the WHO objective advance primary health care and essential health system capabilities for universal health coverage

People must be able to access high-quality health services that meet the health and wellbeing needs of the community, regardless of where people live.

Health services must have enough trained health workers to provide high-quality health services. This includes making sure that healthcare workers are provided with decent, safe and healthy working environments, and protecting healthcare workers from gender-based and other forms of violence.

Countries must be supported to fund an effective, efficient and sustainable public healthcare system for everyone.

The use of digital technologies must be maximised to enable the collection of information, monitor health risks, and track morbidity and mortality rates and their risk factors. These digital technologies must be supported by safe and secure systems.

how does the WHO objective improve health service coverage and financial protection to address inequality and gender inequalities

There must be improvements in the equitable access to quality health services for the prevention, early detection, treatment and management of non-communicable diseases, mental health conditions and communicable diseases, especially for vulnerable and marginalised people.

Equitable access to sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, adolescent and older person health and nutrition services must be provided, with a focus on preventing maternal and neonatal mortality.

Gender-based violence and harmful practices such as female genital mutilation must be addressed.

Equitable access to vaccines, including new vaccines, necessary for the eradication of polio and reducing the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, TB and malaria, must be provided.

Antimicrobial resistance, which occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites change when they are exposed to drugs such as antibiotics designed to prevent or treat diseases, must be tackled. Medicines that have been used to treat diseases have become less effective and infections no longer respond to treatment. The misuse and overuse of medication such as antibiotics has contributed to this.

Policies and practices must be developed to ensure that people can afford to access health care and do not experience financial hardship when they do so, especially those who are vulnerable, marginalised and are living with rare or chronic diseases.

Priority 2: Addressing Health Emergencies objectives protect

Prevent, mitigate and prepare for risks to health from all hazards

Rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies

how does the WHO objective prevent, mitigate and prepare for risks to health from all hazards

All countries are at risk of disease outbreaks, many of which can spread quickly and become an epidemic, such as influenza, cholera and COVID-19. Protect health focuses on reducing risks from all hazards and building capacity to keep the world safe from epidemics and health emergencies.

There must be better detection, prevention and responses to new and emerging diseases and other sources of risks and hazards.

Protect health includes the development of public health measures for mass gatherings, travel and trade, as well as improving biosafety and biosecurity practices that also protect health workers and patients.

The WHO developed the International Health Regulations (2005), which recommend actions for countries to implement to reduce the spread of diseases that can cross borders and threaten people worldwide, such as airport control, quarantine and ensuring resources are readily available to treat disease outbreaks. These will be updated to include readiness plans to address specific threats such as those associated with natural disasters, food crises and famines, severe weather and other extreme events resulting from climate change

how does the WHO objective rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergiencies

All people must have quick access to essential health services during health emergencies.

The health impacts of crises must be reduced and equitable and sustainable access to essential health and nutrition services during all emergencies must be ensured.

Countries and global partners must have access to current and real-time information to enable immediate and appropriate responses to be implemented, coordinated and managed through emergency operation centres.

It must be ensured that life-saving health and nutrition services will reach the most vulnerable people and be maintained over time. Health services include:

sexual and reproductive health services

mental health and psychosocial support

health services for those living with non-communicable diseases

health services for those living with a disability

health services for accessed by women and children.

Healthier populations goals and explanations

respond to climate change

address health determinants and the main causes of ill health

how does the WHO objective respond to climate change

The world is facing increasing threats to health from climate change with women, children, those who are the poorest and those living in small island developing states being particularly at risk.

This objective focuses on building environmentally sustainable health systems that are resilient to extreme weather and climate-related diseases and increase the ability to prepare, respond to and recover from climate-related events. It helps ensure that health services are not damaged or destroyed and there is no interruption to health service delivery.

The WHO will work in partnership with others in the energy, food, transport, urban systems, environment and finance areas to promote health by improving air quality, reducing carbon emissions, increasing access to healthy and affordable foods and creating environments that promote physical activity and strengthen health, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).

how does the WHO objective address health determinants and the main causes of ill health

The conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age have a significant effect on their health and wellbeing, and these must be addressed if more people are to enjoy good health and wellbeing. This includes addressing the barriers related to gender equality and discrimination.

Greater efforts are needed to involve and empower people in the decisions that affect their health and wellbeing.

Disease prevention and health promotion can lead to cost savings and result in people living longer, healthier, happier lives; economies are stronger and more sustainable; and the costs associated with health and social security systems can be reduced.

Globally, more than 40% of disease and premature mortality are due to the use of tobacco and nicotine products, the harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and food insecurity, air pollution, exposure to hazardous chemicals, risks related to WASH, food-borne illness, radiation, and social isolation and loneliness. Taking action to address these is important if health and wellbeing is to be improved.

What is AIDS?

The WHO provides assistance to countries or communities during crises or for long-term sustainable improvements. After natural disasters or emergencies, it is crucial to deliver emergency aid quickly to meet the immediate needs of those affected.

What are the 3 Types of AIDS?

- aid provided by non government organizations

- Bilateral aid

- Multilateral aid

emergency aid

What is Emergency/Humanitarians Aid? sitting under the three types sd

Emergency aid refers to short-term assistance given immediately after a crisis to relieve suffering and address urgent needs during and after emergencies like natural disasters or conflicts.

Examples include:

- Providing food, clothing, healthcare, and shelter after an earthquake.

- Sending doctors and emergency workers following a cyclone.

Advantages and Limitations of Emergency aid

Advantages:

- Help individuals in immediate need

- Keeps people alive

Limitations:

- Does not address underlying causes of poverty

- Is only a quick fix approach

What is Bilateral Aid?

This refers to one country providing aid directly to another country's government.

For example:

- small community based immunisation programs

- provision of a water treatment plant in a village

- build schools and provide education programs

Advantages and Limitations of Bilateral aid

Advantages:

- The needs of the receiving country are met

- Relationships between countries can be strengthened

Limitations:

- It may benefit the donor country's economy if goods are produced there.

- It can raise ethical concerns if the donor expects something in return.

What is Multilateral Aid?

Multilateral aid is given through international organizations, like the United Nations, which are supported by multiple countries and groups to tackle global issues and large-scale projects. These organizations pool donations from various countries to help those in need.

Example: Countries donate to the World Bank, which then provides emergency relief through programs like the World Food Programme.

Advantages and Limitations of Multilateral aid

Advantages:

- More fund from more countries means larger projects can be developed

- Developing countries become more capable of meeting the UN SDGs

Limitations:

- Low levels of communication between countries

- Government and individuals do not have control over where the money goes

What is the NGO (non-government organisation) Aid?

This aid targets different areas like specific programs, education, volunteering, and emergency help, focusing on communities. It addresses basic health needs, community development, and emergency aid. NGOs often work with local or government agencies to improve conditions.

For example, Australia funds NGOs like World Vision and Oxfam because they have the expertise and community access needed for effective aid.

Advantages and Limitations of NGO aid

Advantages:

- Has a focus to individuals with specific needs

- Can bridge political divides or provide aid when other governments may be unwilling to do so for political reasons

Limitations:

- Relies on charity donations from those in High income countries

- Requires funding for operational costs, staff and advertising

Australia's aid program is...

Managed by a government sector called the Department of foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). Its purpose is to promote Australia's international interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.

Why does Australia provide aid?

- To reduce the risk of infectious diseases spreading to Australia

- To promote trading opportunities in low-income countries

What are the 4 types of partnership in Australia's aid program?

Private Sector Partnerships: The government collaborates with businesses to tackle social and economic issues and achieve aid goals. For example, Westpac Corporate Partnerships help provide finances for women's services and businesses.

Multilateral Organizations: The government funds organizations like the UN and WHO to support their work on global issues and SDGs.

Bilateral Partnerships: Australia works with other countries to achieve development goals, especially with low and middle-income countries. This includes providing staff to build local institutions and goods like health clinics to improve immunization rates.

NGO Aid: The government funds non-government organizations (NGOs) to conduct specific community-based work on the ground.

What are the 4 Features of Effective Aid?

Ownership: Involves ensuring that the specific needs of the community are net.

- Are the local community members being involved in the implementation of the project?

- Is the programs culturally appropriate?

Partnerships: Involves ensuring that there are effective partnerships between multiple stakeholders.

- Are there partnerships present between groups?

Focus on results: involves ensuring that the program being implemented has a lasting impact.

- Will the program be successful even after aid workers leave the community?

- Is the local community having their capacity/skills built?

monitoring and evaluation

- funding is used for its intended purpose

- regular monitoring of results and progress against program aims.

What are the 6 priority areas of Australia's aid initiatives?

- Infrastructure, Trade Facilitation and International Competitiveness.

- Agriculture, Fisheries and Water

- Education and Health

- Gender Equality and empowering girls/women

- Effective Governance: policies, institutions and functioning economics

- Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

Infrastructure, Trade Facilitations and International Competitiveness

Improving infrastructure and facilitating trade to boost economic development and global competitiveness.

Example: Building new roads and bridges in a developing country to improve transportation and trade.

Agriculture, Fisheries and Water

Ensuring access to clean water and personal hygiene for all, while supporting countries in achieving universal food security and sustainable agricultural productivity, promotes global well-being and development.

Example: supporting small scale farmers and promoting sustainable agriculture practises.

Education and Health

Enhancing access to quality education and healthcare to improve overall well-being and opportunities.

Example: Supporting school building projects and training teachers in rural areas to enhance access to quality education.

Gender Equality and Empowering Women & Gilrs

Promoting gender equality and supporting the empowerment of women and girls to improve their social and economic outcomes.

Example: Funding programs that provide scholarships for girls to attend school and vocational training.

Effective Governance: Policies, Institutions and Functioning Economies

Supporting good governance and effective institutions to ensure stability and effective public administration.

Example: Helping a country develop a new, fair election system to ensure transparent and democratic processes.

Building resilience: Humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection

Providing emergency aid and support in crisis situations to alleviate suffering and address urgent needs.

Example: Delivering emergency relief supplies like food, water, and medical care to areas affected by natural disasters or conflict.

Name some NGOs...

Australian Red Cross: This NGO improves the lives of vulnerable people through resources and services, and promotes humanitarian laws globally. It operates under the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and helps communities prepare for and cope with disasters, like building flood walls.

Oxfam Australia: This NGO promotes social justice and fights poverty worldwide. Oxfam focuses on campaigning for change, using a rights-based approach, responding to emergencies, and ensuring everyone has enough food.

World Vision: A Christian NGO that aims to eliminate global poverty and its causes, and fight injustice. It helps children grow up safely and healthily, and supports communities in overcoming poverty and advocating for their rights.

Aid programs that address the SDGs : WaterAid

WaterAid is an international NGO focused on providing safe water, sanitation, and hygiene education to the world's poorest communities. Their mission is to "transform the lives of the poorest and most marginalized people by improving access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene." WaterAid works in partnership with local communities and government.

How does WaterAid relate to all the SDGs?

SDG 1 (No Poverty): Access to clean water reduces waterborne diseases like cholera, enabling people to work and earn an income.

SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): Sanitary practices keep farmers healthy, reducing the risk of food shortages.

SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Improved water and sanitation reduce stress by ensuring better health.

SDG 4 (Quality Education): Segregated toilets encourage girls to attend school, helping eliminate gender disparities in education.

SDG 5 (Gender Equality): WaterAid trains women to maintain infrastructure and act as educators, empowering them to become leaders in their communities.

SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation): WaterAid works towards universal access to safe, affordable drinking water and sanitation.

SDG 13 (Climate Action): Access to safe water and sanitation helps communities become more resilient to climate-related events like rising sea levels, reducing the impacts of climate change.

What is Social Action and How does it Promote Health and Wellbeing?

Refers to actions individuals can take to make a difference, such as engaging with their community and addressing specific needs. This can include donations, social media campaigns, boycotts, ethical choices, or supporting social enterprises.

individual action ways

couch

- signing petitions

- raising awareness

home

- reducing waste

-conserving energy

community

-local clean ups

-awareness campaigns

workplace

-ethical practices

-advocacy

social enterprises

who gives a crap

Since Who Gives a Crap began, they have donated over $13 million to help fund hygiene and sanitation projects, saved thousands of trees as a result of using forest-friendly paper products and saved millions of litres of water by making the products using eco-friendly materials. By using environmentally cleaner processes to manufacture the products, they have also avoided thousands of tonnes of greenhouse gases being emitted into the environment. Their efforts have also contributed to 400 million more people having access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.