Mod 11 - endocrine med

Thyroid Hormone replacement? side/adverse effects?

Treatment for hypothyroidism. They replace or supplement endogenous thyroid hormones, restoring normal metabolic activity.

Side effects: Increased sweating, more frequent pooping, unexplained weight loss, feeling anxious or nervous, rapid heart rate, shakiness

Thyroid storm? Symptoms?

A life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, usually triggered by stress, infection, surgery or trauma.

Symptoms: high fever, agitation, delirium, congestive heart failure, loss of consciousness.

Anti-thyroid agents? Side effects?

Used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) from the thyroid gland

Side effects: Rash or hives, joint pain, liver function abnormalities.

Adrenal med - Mineralocorticoids? Side effects?

Used as a replacement therapy in conditions like Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency), where the body lacks aldosterone.

mechanism of actions:

• Increases sodium reabsorbtion

• Promotes water retentions (follows sodium)

• Enhances potassium excretion

Side effects: Fluid retention, hypertension, hypokalemia (muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias), hypernatremia (thirst, confusion), headache, weight gain

Adrenal Med- Glucocorticoids? Side effects?

Mechanism of action is reducing inflammation and suppress immune responses. They are used for the treatment of:

• Adrenal insufficiency

• Inflammation

• Allergies

• Skin conditions

• Immune disorders

• Lung diseases

Side effects: hyperglycemia, acne, hypertension, osteoporosis, increased susceptibility to infection, delayed healing, mood swings

Pancreas - Insulin

Maintain blood glucose within the target range to prevent long-term complications of diabetes

Type 1: Insulin is essential for survival

Type 2: May be required if lifestyle changes and oral medications are insufficient

Oral antidiabetic agents?

Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing hepatic glucose production, suppress glucagon

For Type 2 diabetes

Oral antidiabetic agents - Biguanides? Nursing considerations?

Decrease glucose production by the liver, enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, lower lipid levels, promote weight maintenance or modest weight loss.

Nursing considerations:

Side effects: GI upset, diarrhea

Adverse effects: Lactic acidosis

Avoid alcohol

Oral antidiabetic agents - Sulfonylurea? Nursing considerations?

Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and may also enhance insulin sensitivity at the cellular level.

Nursing considerations:

• Risk of hypoglycemia

• May cause gastrointestinal upset

• Use cautiously in elderly patients due to increased sensitivity to hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia - glucagon

Binds to glucagon receptors on liver cells, stimulating glycogenolysis - the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

Results in raised glucose levels

• If patient is unable to swallow and has no IV access administer glucagon

Women’s Health - hormone replacement therapy? Side/adverse effects?

Primarily indicated for women experiencing menopause-related estrogen deficiency. Used to treat:

• Moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms

• Genitourinary symptoms of menopause

• Psychological and mood-related symptoms

• Prevention of long-term health risks

• Premature menopause or primary ovarian insufficiency

Side/adverse effects: Breast tenderness, headaches, nausea, clots, cardiovascular complications

Bisphosphonates? Nursing considerations?

Used to treat osteoporosis and other conditions that compromise bone strength, inhibiting the natural bone breakdown process, helping to preserve bone density, and reducing the risk of fractures.

Nursing considerations:

• Take in the morning on an empty stomach

• Remain upright for 30 min following administration to minimize esophageal irritation

Medications for Erectile dysfunction? Side/adverse effects

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors maintain relaxation in the smooth muscles of the penis, thereby increasing blood flow, which enhances erection

Adverse and side effects:

• Nasal congestion, headache, facial flushing, dizziness, vision abnormalities, myalgia

• Hypotension

• Potential for priapism (prolonged erections)

Medications for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/hypertrophy? S/E?

5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors - Inhibits the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT makes the prostate grow larger

S/E? Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness or enlargement (rare)

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers - Relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck by blocking alpha-1 receptors - improves urine flow and reduces BPH symptoms.

S/E: Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, abnormal ejeculations