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Science
empirical questions
falsifiable
public knowledge
systematic empiricism
Pseudoscience
lacks one or more fundamental qualities of science
ex: zodiac signs
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
What generated a hypothesis?
Theory
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
What makes a good hypothesis?
logical, testable, falsifiable, parsimonious, positive
Falsifiable
capable of being disproved
Why do experiments have to be fansifiable?
in order to test your claim, you have to be able to prove it wrong, thus falsifiable
Parsimonious
simple and accurate explanation
Experimental Research
study designed to analyze relationship between variables
Fundamental features of experimental research
manipulate conditions & extraneous variables
Causality
the relationship between cause and effect
Empirical association
variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable
Temporal order
the variation in independent variable occurs before the variation in dependent variable
Indipendent variable
the variable that is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Deductive
ideas tested irl
Inductive
irl observations lead to new ideas
What is used to formulate theories?
inductive reasoning
What is used to empirically test hypothesis?
deductive reasoning
Emperical observation
based on observation or experience
Quasi-experimental research
researcher cannot assign participants to conditions or manipulate the independent variable
Non-experimental research
no manipulation of independent variable with only observing researchers
Observational study
observe and record behavior without manipulation
Correlational study
examines relationships without manipulation
Surveys/Questionnaires
gathering of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Case study
study of one individual in great detail
Archival research
use of past records or data sets
Clinical study
focused on small group
What type of research is case and clinical studies?
Observational research
Naturalistic observation
observations in natural setting
What type of observation did Jane Goodall conduct?
Naturalistic observation on chimps
Structured observation
Observation of specific task
Participant observations
researcher joins in with the activities of participants
Qualitative
interpretational, in-depth with small sample
Quantitative
statistical, less-depth with large sample
What research is non-experimental?
serveys
Why aren't surveys "good"?
participant can withhold accurate information
