Biol 101 Exam 1 In-Class Notes

4 parts if the scientific process

Formulating a testable hypothesis, societal benefits, feedback from the scientific community, exploration & discovery

Law

Descriptive

Theory & hypothesis

Seek to explain

5 themes of life

Evolution, flow of information, interactions between systems, structure & function, transformation of matter & energy

What is used for energ ystorage

Fats & carbs

What is the most efficient form of energy storage

Fats

Saturated fats

Found in animals, glycerol & a saturated fatty acid tail

Unsaturated fats

Found in plants, glycerol & an unsaturated fatty acid tail

Monomers of protein

Amino acids

Monomers of starch

Monosaccharides/glucose

Monomers of fiber

Monosaccharides/glucose

Starch & fiber

Carbohydrates

Monomers of phospholipids

Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail

Monomers of DNA

Nucleic acids

Monomers of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Hydrolysis

Water is added to break apart 2 molecules

Dehydration reaction

When 2 molecules bind together and release a molecule of water

Dipeptide

2 amino acids

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids, COVALENT BONDS

Secondary structure

Hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure

Properties & interactions of R groups cause folding of chain

Quaternary structures

Held together by R group interactions, only happens with 2 chains

Denaturation

Breaking down of protein structure

What structures does cooking an egg disrupt?

2nd and 3rd, covalent bonds not broken with heat

Amphiphile

Both hydrophobic & hydrophilic properties

Peptide bond

Covalent bond between amino acids

Nonpolar

Can easily cross a membrane, goes on inside

Polar

Cannot easily cross a membrane, goes on outside

Water polarity

Polar but can cross membrane in small amounts

Aquaporin

Transport protein for water

Phagocytosis

Cell eats bacteria & breaks it down to stop infection

Exocytosis

Materials exported out of cell thru cell membrane

Endocytosis

Materials imported into cell thru cell membrane

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor for the material must be activated

Hypertonic

Higher concentration

Hypotonic

Lower concentration

Isotonic

Equal concentration

Osmosis

Moves from hypertonic to hypotonic

Hyponatremia

Too little sodium, can occur from drinking too much water

Where else do we get water?

Food, other drinks, cellular respiration

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

DNA, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, & ribosomes

What organelles do animal cells have?

DNA, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria

Electricity is shut off in factory

No ATP is made

“Blue prints” have a mistake

DNA mutation

Final touches not made

Protein processing issue in Golgi body

Products pile up and do not leave factory

Proteins stuck somewhere

Workers assembling strike

Dysfunctional ribosomes

Path of proteins

ER → transport vesicles → Golgi body → secretory vesicles → extracellular fluid

Insulin

Secreted by pancreas, allows glucose into cells

Glucagon

Secreted by pancreas, releases glucose into bloodstream

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

Water-soluble hormones

Receptors on plasma membrane

Lipid-soluble hormones

Receptors inside cell

Allergies

Body decided allergen is dangerous & releases histamines

Anti-histamines

Competitive inhibitors that stop histamines from causing reactions

Oxidation

Loss

Reduction

Gain

Glycolysis inputs

Glucose, ADP, P, & NAD+

Glycolysis outputs

Pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Pyruvate oxidation input

Pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A

Pyruvate oxidation output

Acetyl coA, CO2, NADH

Citric acid cycle inputs

Acetyl coA, NAD+, ADP, P, FAD

Citric acid cycle outputs

CO2, NADH, FADH

Where does electron transport chain get its electrons

NADH & FADH

What does the energy from the electron transport chain do

Push H+ through inner mitochondrial membrane

With what kind of transport is the H+ pumped through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Active transport

With what kind of transport is H+ pushed through the ATP synthase?

Facilitated transport

Inputs of lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate, NADH

Outputs of lactic acid fermentation

NAD+ & lactate

Inputs of alcohol fermentation

Pyruvate, NADH

Outputs of alcohol fermentation

NAD+, CO2, ethanol

Brown fat

Thermogenin allows H+ back into mitochondrial matrix, stopping production of ATP

Tumor

Clump of cells that divided rapidly with low oxygen levels in the center

Lactic acid dehydrogenase

Enzyme expressed mostly in muscle cells that convert pyruvate to lactate

How do tumors work without oxygen

Fermentation or recruit nearby blood vessel to supply O2

Coenzyme/cofactor

Helps substrate bind to enzyme

Apoenzyme

Inactive without coenzyme/cofactor

Holoenzyme

Inactive enzyme w coenzyme/cofactor

Path of O2

Lungs → blood → mitochondrion of a cell → back to blood as H2O → released through urine

Where do all carbohydrate pathways start

Cytosol with glycolysis

Substrate level phosphorylation

When a substrate gives up a phosphate to ADP to become ATP

Why are trees carbon sinks?

They take in more CO2 than they produce

Where do light reactions take place?

Thylakoids

Light reaction inputs

Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP, P

Light reaction outputs

NADPH, O2, ATP

Inputs of Calvin cycle

ATP, CO2, NADPH

Outputs of Calvin cycle

Sugars (G3P), NADP+, ADP, P

Where does the calvin cycle take place

Stroma

What color light do plants not use

Green

What does H2O do in photosynthesis

Break into H+ and O2 to give electrons to the electron transport chain

What energy is transferred to chemical energy in photosynthesis

Light

What energy is transferred to chemical energy in cellular respiration

Chemical

Can animal cells perform photophosphorylation

No

Can plant cells perform photophosphorylation

Yes

Can plant cells perform oxidative phosphorylation

Yes

Can animal cells perform oxidative phosphorylation

Yes

What provides electrons for photophosphorylation

H2O

What provides electrons for oxidative phosphorylation

Glucose

What is the final electron receptor for photophosphorylation

NADP+