a&p 1 : study guide

anatomy

study of body structure

physiology

study of body function

anatomy & physiology complement each other bc :

the study of structure & function together explains fundamentals of human body

levels of organization

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

atom

basic unit of matter

molecule

group of atoms bonded together

macromolecule

large organic molecule composed of smaller molecules

organelle

structure that performs important cellular functions within eukaryotic cell

cell

basic unit of life

tissues

group of similar cells that perform same function

organ

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform major function

organism

any living thing that can carry out its life on its own

how do the levels of organization relate to each other?

each level created the next level in the organization; you can’t have an organism without starting at the atomic level

skeletal system

• protects & supports bodily organs

• provides a framework the muscles use to support the movement

• made up of bones & joints

skeletal system organs

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, tendons

cardiovascular system

• transport system of body

• carries oxygen & nutrients to body

• carries away carbon dioxide & other wastes

cardiovascular system organs

heart, blood vessels, blood

respiratory system

system responsible for taking in oxygen & releasing carbon dioxide

respiratory system organs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

nervous system

network of nerve cells & fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of body

nervous system organs

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

digestive system organs

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

urinary system

• eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body

• regulates water, electrolyte, & acid-base balance of blood

urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

lymphatic system

• fluid recovery

• immunity

• lipid absorption

muscular system

• allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, & facial expressions

• maintains posture

• produces heat

muscular system organs

muscles & tendons

integumentary system functions

• protection

• water retention

• thermoregulation

• vitamin D synthesis

• cutaneous sensation

• nonverbal communication

integumentary system organs

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

reproductive system organs

testes, penis, ovaries, vagina

endocrine system

body’s slow chemical communication system

endocrine system organs

pituitary glands, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

homeostasis

state of balance

the nervous system & endocrine system control homeostasis through :

the hypothalamus; it is the link between the nervous & endocrine system. this part of the brain controls hormone production in endocrine organs

positive feedback system

strengthens a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions (ex : contractions)

negative feedback

process that reverses the original stimulus (ex : temperature regulation)

homeostatic imbalance

disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease (ex : osteoporosis)

anatomical position

stand straight w arms at side and palms of hands turned forward

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left parts

mid sagittal plane (median)

divides body into right & left halves

transverse plane

divides body into upper & lower parts

superior

above

inferior

below

frontal plane (coronal)

divides body into front & back

anterior

front of body po

posterior

back of body

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

away from point of attachment

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

superficial

near surface

deep

away from surface

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small & large intestine

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

contains parts of small & large intestine, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

contains part of small & large intestine, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

dorsal body cavity

contains cranial & vertebral cavity

cranial body cavity

houses brain

vertebral body cavity

contain spinal cord

ventral body cavity

• contains all structures within the chest & abdomen

• thoracic & abdominopelvic

thoracic body cavity

• contains heart & lungs

• mediastinum

• pleural & pericardial cavity

mediastinum

space between lungs

pleural cavity

contains lungs

pericardial cavity

contains heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both abdominal & pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, & other organs

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladdder, reproductive organs, & rectum

serous membrane

• protects internal organs from friction

• holds them in place

• act as selectively permeable barrier

pleura

membrane surrounding lungs

pericardium

membrane surrounding heart

peritoneum

membrane that lines abdominal cavity

matter

anything that has masss & takes up space

energy

ability to do work

solid

form of matter that has a definite shape & volume

liquid

state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume

gas

state of matter with no definite shape or volume

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy

chemical element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

elements of the body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

atom structure

• has small, dense nucleus in center

• nucleus is made of protons (+ charge) & neutrons (neutral charge)

• electrons (- charge) orbit around nucleus

chemical compound

chemical combination of 2 or more atoms or elements

ionic bond

attraction between oppositely charged ions (gas & metal)

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms of a similar charge (gases)

polar covalent bond

electrons are not equally shared between atoms of same charge

hydrogen bond

• weak chemical bond

• slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a polar covalent bond in one molecule are attracted to slightly negative atoms of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

catabolic reactions

complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones & energy is released

anabolic reactions

build up large chemicals & require energy

chemical reactions are usually irreversible bc :

the products of reactions cannot return to the reactants

factors that affect chemical reaction rates are :

• concentration of reactants (more=faster)

• temperature (hotter=faster)

• catalysts (enzymes=faster)

• surface area (more surface area=faster)

enzymes

• proteins that act as biological catalysts

• specialize in breaking down molecules

• create reversible reactions

• sensitive to temp, concentration, & pH

solution

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

solvent

liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solute

substance that is dissolved in a solution

properties of water

• unique density

• high specific heat

• cohesion & adhesion

• effective solvent