Developmental Stages Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Stages, Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, and Mahler’s Object Relations Theory as presented in the lecture notes.

Id

A human's basic, instinctual drives that are pleasure seeking.

Ego (Freud)

The part of the psyche that attempts to mediate between id and reality.

Superego

The part of the psyche that reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents.

Oral Stage

A psychosexual stage occurring from $birth-1\,year$ where an infant's primary interaction and pleasure come from oral stimulation such as tasting and sucking.

Anal Stage

A psychosexual stage occurring from $1-3\,years$ where the primary focus of the libido is on controlling bladder and bowel movements.

Anal Retentive

An excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life resulting from too much pressure during toilet training.

Anal Expulsive

Messy or destructive behavior later in life resulting from too little pressure from parents during toilet training.

Phallic Stage

A psychosexual stage occurring from $3-6\,years$ where the focus is on the genitals and children become aware of their gender identity.

Latent Stage

A psychosexual stage occurring from $6-Puberty$ where sexual feelings are dormant and children develop social skills and peer relationships.

Genital Stage

A psychosexual stage occurring from $Puberty-Adult$ where people develop sexual attraction to others.

Assimilation

The incorporation of new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

The modification of existing schemas to achieve equilibrium.

Adaptation

The process lead by both assimilation and accommodation within Piaget's developmental theory.

Sensorimotor Stage

A Piagetian stage from $birth\,to\,2\,years$ where infants learn primarily through sensory input and action.

Object Permanence

A sensorimotor achievement allowing the child to recognize that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Causality

A sensorimotor achievement where the child recognizes that certain events cause other events.

Symbolic Thought

A sensorimotor achievement where the child begins to use language (symbols) to think about actions before performing them.

Preoperational Stage

A Piagetian stage from $2\,to\,7\,years$ characterized by symbolic function allowing learning through mental images, language, and other symbols.

Concrete Operational Stage

A Piagetian stage from $7\,to\,11\,years$ where children perform mental operations using logic and abstract thinking.

Formal Operational Stage

A Piagetian stage starting at $11+\,years$ where the adolescent can think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage ($0-18\,months$) where trust develops in the context of the relationship between the infant and primary caregiver.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage ($18\,months\,to\,3\,years$) where the toddler's task is to achieve independence over their own body.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage ($3-6\,years$) where the child's task is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on others' rights.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage ($6-12\,years$) where the child develops a sense of competence through school and peer interaction.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage ($12-18\,years$) where the adolescent learns roles for adulthood and develops a sense of personal identity.

Fidelity

A virtue achieved when an adolescent stays true to their own identity while being comfortable with others of varying values.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage ($18-40\,years$) where the task is to begin forming intimate relationships with commitment and care.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage ($40-65\,years$) where the individual seeks a sense of purpose through career, children, or benefiting others.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eighth stage ($65-death$) where older adults look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment or accomplishment.

Object Relations Theory (Mahler)

Refers to the way a child's Ego becomes organized over the first $3\,1/2\,years$ of life through reciprocal relationship with the mother.

Autistic Stage

Mahler's first stage ($newborn-1\,month$) where the infant is unresponsive to external stimuli and focused purely on themself.

Symbiotic Stage

Mahler's second stage ($1-5\,months$) where the infant perceives the mother as a 'need-satisfying object' and a separate being.

Separation-Individuation Stage

Mahler's third stage ($5-24\,months+$) where the infant develops understanding of boundaries of self and mother as a separate individual.

Differentiation Substage

A substage ($5-9\,months$) where the infant's attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused.

Practicing Substage

A substage ($9-14\,months$) where autonomous ego functions become apparent as the infant continues to separate.

Rapprochement Substage

A substage ($14-24\,months$) where the infant acts independently but moves back to the mother to ensure she is still there.

Object Constancy Substage

A substage occurring $after\,24\,months$ where the child internalizes the mother and understands she exists despite her absence.