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active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies - part of client-centered therapy
antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidepressant drugs
Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
applied behavior analysis
Variations of applied behavior analysis may be used clinically as treatment for abnormal or problematic behaviors.
aversion therapies
Includes counterconditioning techniques that associate an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) as well as operant techniques designed to discourage unhelpful behaviors
behavior therapy
Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
biomedical therapy
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
client-centered/person-centered therapy
A non-directive form of talk therapy where a client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process while the therapist remains non-directive—they don't pass judgment on one's feelings or offer suggestions or solutions
cognitive restructuring
A therapy that strives to help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
cognitive therapy
Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive triad
A thought that a set of three beliefs characterize major depressive episodes - negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
counterconditioning
Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
cultural humility
an ongoing process of self-exploration and self-critique combined with a willingness to learn from others
Deinstitutionalization
the process, begun in the late 20th century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities
dialectical behavior therapy
a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a "dialectic" between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other.
dream interpretation
A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
The apa's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
eclectic approach
Uses techniques from various forms of therapy
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
exposure therapies
Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid; they include strategies like systematic desensitization and flooding
fidelity
Psychologists are ethically obligated to establish relationships of trust with clients and/or research subjects.
free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
hypnosis
This has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety, but does not is not supported to retrieve accurate memories or regress in age
integrity
Psychologists have an ethical obligation to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.
lesioning
Tissue destruction of the brain, this may occur naturally (from disease or trauma), during surgery, or experimentally (using electrodes to destroy brain cells)
lithium
a medication used to treat bipolar disorders; its mechanism of action remains unclear
lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
meta-analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
nonmaleficence
Psychologists are ethically obligated to avoid and/or minimize psychological or physical harm that may come to clients or subjects
psychiatrist
A doctor of medicine who deals with psychological disorders who can provide medical treatment in addition to psychotherapy.
psychoactive medication
Drugs such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications which interact with specific neurotransmitters in the CNS to address possible causes of psychological disorders; also known as psychotropic medications
psychodynamic therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
psychotherapy
Consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychotropic medication
Drugs such as antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications which interact with specific neurotransmitters in the CNS to address possible causes of psychological disorders; also known as psychoactive medications
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by albert ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
respect for people's rights and dignity
Psychologists are ethically obligated to respect the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. They are aware of and respect cultural and individual differences
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli using an anxiety hierarchy created cooperatively with the patient
tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongus, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
therapeutic alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
token economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange that tokens for various privileges or treats
unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
