endomembrane system

All organisms are made of cells

One of the core tenets of cell theory regarding organisms and life

The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive

One of the core tenets of cell theory regarding the basic unit of life

All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells

The cell theory principle regarding cell origins

Cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features

The cell theory principle regarding cell diversity

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

The two types of cells that form the basic structural and functional unit of every organism

Bacteria and Archaea

The domains of life consisting strictly of prokaryotic cells

what are Protista

fungi

Plasma membrane; cytoplasm; chromosomes; and ribosomes

all cells have (4)

carry genes

chromosome function

make proteins

ribosome function

The semifluid substance found inside all cells

cytoplasm

No nucleus; DNA in an unbound nucleoid; no membrane-bound organelles; and cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

prokaryotic cells (4)

The unbound region in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is located

nucleoid

DNA in a nucleus bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope; membrane-bound organelles; and cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

eukaryotic cells (3)

Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger

which cell is bigger? pro or eu

Inside the nucleus

The location of DNA in a eukaryotic cell

use information from the DNA to make proteins

How ribosomes carry out genetic instructions

The nucleus

The most visible organelle in a eukaryotic cell

Encloses the nucleus; separating it from the cytoplasm

Function of the nuclear envelope

It is a double membrane; where each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

Structure of the nuclear membrane

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

Composition of ribosomes

In the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Two locations where ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

Ribosomes located in the cytosol that carry out protein synthesis

free ribosomes

Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope that carry out protein synthesis

bound ribosomes

Nuclear envelope; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; vacuoles; and plasma membrane

Six components that make up the endomembrane system

either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

How endomembrane system components are linked

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Main functions of the endomembrane system

More than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope

Structural relationship between the ER membrane and the nucleus

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Two distinct regions of the endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; while the surface of Rough ER is studded with ribosomes

Structural difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER

Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs and poisons; and stores calcium ions

Four functions of the Smooth ER

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates; secreted by bound ribosomes on the rough ER

glycoproteins

Has bound ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins; distributes transport vesicles; and acts as a membrane factory for the cell

Three functions of the Rough ER

Secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

transport vesicles distributed by the rough ER

Flattened membranous sacs that make up the Golgi apparatus

what is cisternae and what does it make up

Modifies products of the ER

manufactures certain macromolecules

sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

golgi apparatus functions

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

what is a lysosome and what does it do

the acidic environment inside the lysosome

where do lysosomal enzymes work best

Made by the rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

How hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are produced and processed

Phagocytosis

The process by which some types of cell can engulf another cell; forming a food vacuole

Fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

How does a lysosome process an engulfed food vacuole

Autophagy

The process where lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules

The nucleus or other nearby cells will send signals to all of the lysosomes to release their contents; digesting the cell internally

What happens when a cell becomes worn out or damaged beyond repair

Apoptosis

The term for programmed cell death triggered by lysosomal self-digestion

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

vacuoles are what and come from where

perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells

vacuoles do what

phagocytosis

How food vacuoles are produced

Found in many freshwater protists; they pump excess water out of cells

contractile vacuoles

Found in many mature plant cells; they hold organic compounds and water

central vacuoles